CH 9 Pathology Flashcards
testicular cancer (carcinoma of the testes)
malignant tumor of the testicles. seminoma (pale homogenous mass) arises from embryonic cells, others are embryonal carcinoma (hemorrhagic mass), or teratoma, choriocarcinoma, and yolk sac tumor. curable with orchiectomy and chemo or radiotherapy. These tumors produce human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Serum levels of these proteins can be used to detect.
cryptorchidism; cryptorchism
undescended testicles. orchiopexy is performed (orchio, testes; pexy, to put in place). High rate of sterility and increased risk of testicular cancer.
hydrocele
sac of clear fluid in the scrotum. may be congenital or occur as a response to infection or tumors. often idiopathic. can be found by ultrasound. can be aspirated or surgery of hydrocelectomy.
testicular torsion
twisting of the spermatic cord. the rotation of the spermatic cord cuts off blood supply to the testis. surgical correction is needed within hours to save the testis.
varicocele
enlarged, dilated veins near the testicle. may be associated with azoospermia and oligospermia. If there is pain, treated with varicocelectomy, where the spermatic vein is cut out and the ends tied off. may increase fertility.
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
benign growth of cells within the prostate gland. common in men over 60. urinary problems are symptoms. treated with transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). laser TURP or Greenlight PVP- it is a green light lazer at the end of an endoscope.
prostate cancer (carcinoma of the prostate)
malignant cancer (adenocarcinoma) of the prostate gland. digital rectal examination DRE can detect late stage tumors, early stage is by PSA in the blood (prostate-specific antigen). normal range is less than 4.0 ng/mL.
hypospadias
congenital abnormality in which the male urethral opening is on the undersurface of the penis, instead of at its tip
epispadius
male urethral opening is on the top of the penis instead of the tip- congenital abnormality
peyronie disease
abnormal curvature of the penis, caused by scar tissue in the connective tissue of the penis and can be corrected by clearing out the fibrous tissue
phimosis
narrowing (stricture) of the opening of the prepuce over the glans penis
phim/o
muzzle
STI
sexually transmitted infections
chlamydia
bacterial infection of the urethra and reproductive tract- burning sensation when urinating and white or clear discharge from penis, women mostly asymptomatic but can have discharge. treated with antibiotics. if untreated, can cause salipingitis, pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility in women.
gonorrhea
inflammation of the genital tract mucosa, caused by gonococci bacteria (berry shaped bacteria). other body areas may be infected as well. dysuria and mucopurulent discharge from urethra. means discharge of seed. women asymptomatic, but can have pain, urethral discharge, and salpingitis. can spread to anus and pharynx as well. chlamydia and gonorrhea often occur together, both partners must be treated.
herpes genitalis
infection of skin and genital mucosa caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV1 is usualy oral very common. HSV2 is genital. reddening of the skin and formation of small fluid-filled blisters and ulcers. no cure.
human papilloma virus
infection of the skin and mucous membranes in the anogenital region by the human papilloma virus (HPV). can cause genital warts and lead to different cancers. vaccine is available for the most common types.
syphilis
chronic sti caused by a spirochete (spiral-shaped bacteria). a chancre (hard ulcer or sore) usually appears on the external genitalia a few weeks after infection. two to six months later, secondary infection occurs. tertiaty includes damage to the brain, spinal cord, and heart which may appear years after infection. was deadly in early times, known as the Great Pox. penicillin can treat the early infection only.
