CH 10 TERMINOLOGY Flashcards
cerebello
cerebellum
cerebro
cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
dur/o
dura mater
encephalo
brain (en=in, cephalo=head)
glio
glial cells
glioblastoma
immature brain mass/tumor
lepto
thin/slender
meningo, meningio
membranes; meninges
CNS
central nervous system
PNS
peripheral nervous system
subdural hematoma
tearing of veins between the dura and arachnoid membranes, usually from blunt force; below the dura blood collection
epidural hematoma
occurs between the skull and the dura as the result of a ruptured meningeal artery usually after a skull fracture; above the dura blood collection
intracerebral hematoma
caused by bleeding directly into the brain tissue, such as can occur in the case of uncontrolled hypertension
enchephalitis
brain inflammation
encephalopathy
brain disease inside head
chronic traumatic encephalopathy
CTE-progressive degenerative disease associated with repetetive brain traumas (concussions)
anencephaly
partial or complete absence of brain matter. a congenital brain malformation; not compatible with life and may be detected with amniocentisis or ultrasonography of the fetus
glioblastoma
this is a highly malignant tumor of the glial (neuroglial) cells
leptomeningeal
inflammation of the pia and arachnid membrane- these are labeled together because of their thin, delicate tissue
meningeal
pertaining to the meninges
meningioma
tumor in the meninges; slowly growing benign tumor
myelomeningocele
congenital hernia of spinal cord through the vertebrea; neural tube defect caused by failure of the neural tube to close during embryonic development. occurs in infants with spina bifida.
my/o
muscle
myel/o
spinal cord (means bone marrow if referring to non-neurologic)
polio
gray matter
neuro
nerve
ponto
pons
radiculo
nerve root (of spinal nerves)
thalamo
thalamus
theco
sheath (refers to the meninges)
vago
vagus nerve (cranial nerve x, or tenth cranial nerve)
myoneural
muscle and nerve
myelopathy
disease of the spinal cord
poliomyelitis
gray matter of spinal cord disease; called polio; this viral disease affects the gray matter of the spinal cord, leading to paralysis of muscles that rely on the damaged neurons. effective vaccines developed in the 20th century have made polio uncommon.
neuropathy
disease of the nerves
polyneuritis
inflammation of many nerves
cerebellopontine
pertaining to the cerebellum and pons
radiculopathy
disease of the spinal nerve root
sciatica
a radiculopathy affecting the sciatic nerve root in the back. a herniated disk is a common cause leading to pain, weakness, or numbness down the leg.
radiculitis
inflammation of the spinal nerve root, often results in pain and loss of function
thalamic
pertaining to the thalamus
intrathecal injection
injection into the meninges ex. chemicals such as chemo drugs, can be delivered into the subarachnoid space
vagal
pertaining to the vagus nerve; this cranial nerve has branches to the head and neck as well as to the chest
algeso, algesia
sensitivity to pain
analgesia
absence of sensitivity to pain
hypalgesia
diminished sensitivity to pain
hyperalgesia
increased sensitivity to pain
pyelo
renal pelvis and kidney
pyo
pus
mononeuropathy
affects individual nerve
polyneuropathy
affects many nerves
algia
pain
causo
burning
comato
deep sleep (coma)
esthesio, esthesia
feeling, nervous sensation
kineso, kinesio, kinesia, kinesis, kinetic
movement
-lepsy
siezure
narc/o
stupor/sleep
neuralgia
nerve pain
trigeminal neuralgia
flashes of pain radiating along the course of the trigeminal nerve (fifth cranial nerve)
cephalgia
head pain- headaches may result from tension in the neck and scalp muscles
causalgia
burning pain following injury to a sensitive nerve
comatose
deep sleep, pertaining to
coma
a state of unconsciousness from which the patient cannot be aroused. semicomatose refers to a stupor (unresponsiveness) from which a patient can be aroused. in an irreversible coma (brain death) there is complete unresponsitivity to stimuli; no spontaneous breathing or movement, and a flat electroencephalogram (EEG) tracing
anesthesia
no nerve sensation; lack of normal sensation (as in absense of touch or pain). two common types of regional anasthesia are spinal and epidural (caudal) blocks
anesthesiologist
a physician who administers anesthesia
anesthetics
agents that reduce or eliminate sensation, general or local
hyperesthesia
abnormally intense sensation to a particular stimulus, such as a light touch with a pin. diminished sensitivity to pain is called HYPERasthesia
paresthesia
abnormal and without cause/ para means abnormal, paresthesias includes tingling, burning and pins and needles sensation
bradykinesia
slow movement
hyperkinesis
excessive movement- amphetamines (CNS stimulants) are used to treat, but its not understood why
dyskinesia
abnormal movement- condition marked by involuntary, spasmodic movements. tardive (occurring late) dyskinesia may develop in people who receive certain antipsychotic drugs for extended periods
akinetic
without movement
epilepsy
upper-brain seizure
narcolepsy
sleep siezure- sudden, uncontrollable compulsion to sleep amphetamines and stimulant drugs are prescribed to prevent attacks.
lexo
word, phrase
paresis
weakness
phasia
speech
plegia
paralysis (loss or impairment of the ability to move parts of the body)
para
bring forth
dyslexia
abnormal word/phrase condition; a developmental reading disorder occurring when the brain does not properly recognize, process, and interpret language
hemiparesis
half weakness- paralysis affecting either the right or left hemisphere of the body
paresis
partial paralysis or weakness of muscles
aphasia
no speech; difficulty speaking; motor aphasia, or broca apashia or expressive aphagia, is present when a patient knows what he or she wants to say but cannot say it. the patient with sensory aphasia has difficulty understanding language and may pronounce words easily but use them inappropriately
hemiplegia
half paralysis; affects the right or left half of the body and results from a stroke or other brain injury. hemiplegia is contralateral to the brain lesion because motor nerve fibers from the right half of the brain cross to the left side of the body, and vice versa- they cross at the medulla oblongata
paraplegia
paralysis of the lower body; caused by injury to the spine or cauda equina
quadriplegia
paralysis of all 4 major extremities- quad means 4- injury is at the cervical level of the spine
praxia
action
-sthenia
strength
-syncop/o
to cut off, cut short
tax/o
order, corrdination
apraxia
no action; movements and behavior are not purposeful; a patient with motor apraxia cannot use an object or perform a task. motor weakness is not the cause.
neurasthenia
lack of strength in nerves- nervous exhaustion or fatigue often following depression
syncopal
pertaining to fainting
syncope
means fainting; sudden and temporary loss ofconsciousness caused by inadequate flow of blood to the brain; the term comes from the greek word meaning cutting into pieces- thus, a fainting spell means one’s strength was cut off
ataxia
without coordination- condition of increased coordination, persistent with unsteadiness on the feet can be caused by a disorder involving the cerebellum
