CH 11 CARDIO TERMS Flashcards
1
Q
angio
A
vessel (artery/vein/space)
2
Q
aorto
A
aorta
3
Q
artero, arterio
A
artery
4
Q
athero
A
yellowish plaque, fatty substance
5
Q
athere
A
greek for porridge, hence athero (porridge is thick)
6
Q
atrio
A
atrium, upper heart chamber
7
Q
brachio
A
arm
8
Q
cardio
A
heart
9
Q
arthro
A
joint
10
Q
cholesterolo
A
cholesterol (lipid substance)
11
Q
corono
A
heart
12
Q
cyano
A
blue
13
Q
myxo
A
mucus
14
Q
oxo
A
oxygen
15
Q
pericardio
A
paricardium
16
Q
phlebo
A
vein
17
Q
rrythmo
A
hearth rhythm
18
Q
sphygmo
A
pulse
19
Q
stetho
A
chest
20
Q
thrombo
A
clot
21
Q
valvulo, valvo
A
valve
22
Q
vaso
A
vessel
23
Q
vasculo
A
vessel
24
Q
veno, veni
A
vein
25
ventriculo
ventricle, lower heart chamber
26
septum
walls that separate
27
diastole
heart relax
28
systole
heart contract
29
aneurismo/aneurism
widened blood vessel
30
angio
blood vessel
31
aorto
aorta, largest artery
32
axillo
armpit
33
brachio
arm
34
ischo
to hold back or stop
35
myo
muscle
36
myxo
mucus
37
pulmono
lung
38
constriction
narrowing
39
dilation
widening
40
emia
blood condition
41
graphy
to record
42
lysis
break down
43
meter
measure
44
oma
mass/tumor/fluid collection
45
osis
abnormal condition
46
stenosis
tightening/stricture
47
tomy
process of cutting
48
brady
slow
49
de-
lack of/ down/ less of/ removal
50
endo
within
51
inter-
between
52
peri-
surrounding
53
tetra
four
54
tachy
fast
55
anastomoien
greek - to provide a mouth
56
acute coronary syndromes
ACSs- unstable angina and myocardial infarction (heart attack), which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries
57
angina (pectoris)
chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia. stable angina occurs predictably with exertion; unstable angina is chest pain that occurs more often and with less exertion
58
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, causing blood vessels to dilate. it prevents heart attacks, CHF, stroke and death
59
auscultation
listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope
60
beta blocker
drug used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrhythmias. it blocks the action of epinephrine (adrenaline) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeat and reducing the workload on the heart
61
biventricular pacemaker
device enabling ventricles to beat together in synchrony so that more blood is pumped out of the heart
62
bruit
abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ
63
calcium channel blocker
drug used to treat angina and hypertension. it dilates blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels
64
cardiac arrest
sudden, unexpected stoppage of heart action, often leading to cardiac death
65
cardiac tamponade
pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space
66
claudication
pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest
67
digoxin
drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat
68
embolus pl/ emboli
clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel
69
infarction
area of dead tissue
70
nitrates
drugs used in treatment of angina. they dilate blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue
71
nitroglycerin
nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina
72
occlusion
closure of a blood vessel due to blockage
73
palpitations
uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
74
patent
open
75
premature ventricular contractions
PVCs
76
pericardial friction rub
scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis
77
petechiae
small, pinpoint hemorrhages
78
statins
drugs used to lower cholesterol in the blood stream
79
thrill
vibration felt over an area of turmoil in blood flow (such as a blocked artery)
80
vegetations
clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on diseased heart valves
81
BNP test
measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood. elevated with patients with heart failure. secreted when the heart becomes overloaded and acts as a diuretic to help heart function return to normal. can also test for NT-proBNT - NT stands for non terminal
82
cardiac biomarkers
chemicals measured in blood as evidence of a heart attack. damaged heart muscles release it into the bloodstream. substances are: troponin-I (cTnI) and troponin-T (cTnT). C-reactive protein (CRP) is a biomarker of inflammation and is a risk for stroke, heart attack and heart disease.
83
lipid tests (lipid profile)
measurement of cholesterol and triglycerides (fats) in a blood sample. high levels are correlated with athersclerosis. saturated fats (animal fats) increase cholesterol in the blood, whereas polyunsaturated fats (vegetable oil) decrease blood cholesterol.
84
hyperlipidemia
high cholesterol- managed with proper diet, low fat, statics, niacin, and exercise
85
lipoprotein electrophoresis
lipoproteins (combination of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample. LDL (low density lipoprotein) and HDL (high density lipoprotein)
86
angiography
x-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material
87
arteriography
xray imaging of arteries after injecting contrast via catheter into the aorta or an artery
88
CTA
computer tomography angiography- three-dimensional xray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography (64-slice CT scanner)- hundreds of images of heart per second form a 3 dimensional image - less invasive and excellent to diagnose coronary artery disease
89
digital subtraction angiography
DSA- video equipment and computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels- after an initial image, physicians take a second image with contrast and compare, subtracting the digital data from the first image
90
electron beam computed tomography
EBCT or EBT- electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose early CAD. a coronary artery calcium score is derived to indicate future risk of heart attack and stroke
91
doppler ultrasound studies
sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels. examiner can hear various alterations in blood flow caused by vessel obstruction.
92
duplex ultrasound
combines doppler and conventional ultrasound to allow physicians to image the structure of blood vessels and measure the speed of blood flow. carotid artery occlusion, aneurysms, varicose veins and other vessel disorders are diagnosed this way.
93
ECHO
echocardiography- echoes generated by high frequency sound waves produce images of the heart
94
transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)
transducer placed in the esophagus provides ultrasound and doppler information- detects cardiac masses, prosthetic valve function, aneurysms, and pericardial fluid
95
positron emission tomography scan
PET scan- images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose- can detect CAD, myocardial function, ischemic heart disease and cardiomyopathy
96
technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan
injected intravenously and taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning- can assess damaged heart tissue and also used in an exercise tolerance test (ETT-MIBI). sestamibi is a radioactive tracer used to define areas of poor blood flow in the heart muscle
97
thallium 201 scan
concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle- these studies show the viability of the heart muscle. infarcted or scarred myocardium show up as cold spots.
98
cardiac MRI
images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field- images in multiple planes- not for people with a pacemaker-
99
magnetic resonance angiography
MRA- a type of mri that gives highly detailed images of blood vessels. physicians use MRA to view arteries and blockage inside arteries. gadolinium is the most common contrast agent used for MRI procedures.
100
cardiac catheterization
thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery. detects pressures and patterns of blood flow in the heart. cardiologist may also perform intravascular ultrasound IVUS and FFR fractional flow reserve to determine impact of the coronary artery blockage on blood flow
101
electrocardiography
ECG- recording of electricity flowing through the heart - performed via telemetry (electronic transmission of data) telo means distant- measures sinus rhythms with PQRST
102
Holter monitoring
an ECG device is worn during prolonged period to detect cardiac arrhythmias- rhythm changes are correlated with symptoms recorded in a diary
103
stress test / exercise tolerance test
ETT- determines the heart's response to physical exertion (stress).
104
catheter ablation
brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to ablate (remove) areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias- catheter guided through a vein in the leg to the vena cava and into the heart, the abnormal electrical pathway is ablated (destroyed) using energy emitted from the catheter
105
coronary artery bypass grafting
CABG- arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages
106
defibrillation
brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation)
107
ICD
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
108
AICD
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
109
cardioversion
another technique using lower energy to treat atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, and supraventricular tachycardia
110
endarterectomy
surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery. fatty deposits (artheromas) and thromboses are removed to open clogged arteries. carotid endartectomy is to remove build up in the carotid artery to reduce risk of stroke.
111
extracorporeal circulation
heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired
112
ECMO
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation- the machine for extracorporeal circulation where blood is re-oxygenated and pumped back into the body
113
heart transplantation
DONOR HEART IS TRANSFERRED TO A RECIPIENT. while waiting, a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) which is a booster pump implanted into the chest or abdomen with cannulae from the left ventricle to the ascending aorta
114
percutaneous coronary intervention
PCI- balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place
115
stent
expandable slotted metal tubes that serve as permanent scaffolding devices to make restenosis unlikely
116
DESs
drug-eluting stents that release anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative drugs to prevent scar tissue
117
BVSs
bioabsorbable vascular scaffolds that dissolve
118
DCBs
drug coated balloons heart stent type
119
PCI techniques
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), stent placement, laser angioplasty (small laser on tip of catheter), atherectomy
120
thrombolytic therapy
drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis. tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) and streptokinase restore blood flow to the heart and limit damage
121
transcatheter aortic valve replacement
TAVR- placement of a balloon-expandable aortic heart valve into the body via a catheter, used to treat aortic stenosis
122
AAA
abdominal aortic aneuysm
123
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
124
ACLS
advanced cardiac life support; CPR plus drugs and defibrillation
125
ACS
acute soronary syndrome
126
ACSs
acute coronary syndromes
127
ADP
adenosine diphosphate; ADP blockers are used to prevent cardiovascular-related death, heart attack, and strokes after all stent procedures
128
AED
automatic external defibrillator
129
AF
atrial fibrillation
130
a-fib
atrial fibrillation
131
AICD
automatic implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
132
AMI
acute myocardial infarction
133
ARB
angiotensin II receptor blocker
134
ARVD
arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia
135
AS
aortic stenosis
136
ASD
atrial septal defect
137
AV, A-V
atrioventricular
138
AVR
aortic valve replacement
139
BBB
bundle branch block
140
BNP
brain natriuretic peptide; elevated in congestive heart failure
141
BP
blood pressure
142
CABG
coronary artery bypass grafting
143
CAD
coronary artery disease
144
CCTA
coronary computed tomography angiography
145
CCU
coronary care unit
146
Cath
catheterization
147
CHF
congestive heart failure
148
CK
creatine kinase; enzyme released after injury to heart muscles
149
CoA
coarctation of the aorta (congenital narrowing of the aorta often found in kids)
150
CPR
cardiopulmonary rescuscitation
151
CRT
cardiac resynchronization therapy; biventricular pacing and defibrillation devices
152
CTNI / cTnI / CTNT / cTnT
cardiac troponin-I and cardiac troponin-T; troponin is a protein released into the bloodstream after myocardial injury
153
DES
drug-eluting stent
154
DOAC
direct oral anticoagulent
155
DSA
digital subtraction angiography
156
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
157
ECG or EKG
electrocardiography
158
ECHO
echocardiography
159
ECMO
extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
160
EF
ejection fraction; measure of the amount of blood that pumps out of the heart with each beat
161
EPS
electrophysiology study; electrode catheters inserted into veins and threaded into the heart to measure electrical conduction (tachycardias are provoked and analyzed)
162
ETT
exercise tolerance test
163
ETT-MIBI
exercise tolerance test combined with a radioactive tracer sestamibi scan
164
EVAR
endovascular aneurysm repair
165
FFR
fractional flow reserve
166
HDL
high-density lipoprotein; high blood levels mean lower incidence of coronary artery disease
167
hsCRP
high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; biomarker for inflammation in prediction of heart attack risk
168
HTN
hypertension; high blood pressure
169
IABP
intra-aortic balloon pump; used to support patients in cardiogenic shock
170
ICA
invasive coronary angiography
171
ICD
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
172
IVUS
intravascular ultrasound
173
LAD
left anterior descending (coronary artery)
174
LBBB
left bundle branch block
175
LDL
low-density lipoprotein; high blood levels lead to cholesterol buildup in arteries
176
LMWH
low molecular weight heparin
177
LV
left ventricle
178
LVAD
left ventricular assist device
179
LVEF
left ventricle ejection fraction
180
LVH
left ventricular hypertrophy
181
MI
myocardial infarction
182
MUGA
multiple-gated acquisition scan; a radioactive test of heart function
183
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
184
NSR
normal sinus rhythm
185
NT-proBNP
N-terminal pro-peptide of BNP
186
NSTEMI
non-ST elevation MI
187
PAC
premature atrial contraction
188
PAD
peripheral arterial disease
189
PCI
percutaneous coronary intervention
190
PDA
patent ductus arteriosus
191
PE
pulmonary embolus
192
PVC
premature ventricular contraction
193
RBBB
right bundle branch block
194
SA, S-A node
sinoatrial node
195
SCD
sudden cardiac death
196
SOB
shortness of breath
197
SPECT
single photon emission computed tomography; used for myocardial imaging with sestamibi scans
198
STEMI
ST elevation myocardial infarction
199
SVT
supraventricular tachycardia; rapid heartbeats arising from the atria and causing palpitations, SOB and dizziness
200
TAVR
transcatheter aortic valve replacement
201
TEE
transesophageal echocardiography
202
TEVAR
thoracic endovascular aneurysm repair
203
TGA
transposition of the great arteries
204
tPA
tissue-type plasminogen activator; a drug used to prevent thrombosis
205
UA
unstable angina; chest pain at rest or of increasing frequency
206
VF
ventricular fibrillation
207
VSD
ventricular septal defect
208
VT
ventricular tachycardia
209
WPW
Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome; abnormal ECG pattern associated with paroxysmal tachycardia
