CH 12 RESPIRATORY DEFINITIONS Flashcards
1
Q
adenoids
A
lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils
2
Q
alveolus
A
tiny air sac in the lungs
3
Q
alveoli
A
plural, alveolus
4
Q
apex of the lung
A
tip or uppermost portion of the lung; an apex is the tip of a structure; apical means pertaining to or located at the apex
5
Q
base of the lung
A
lower portion of the lung; from the greek basis, foundation; basilar means located at or in the base
6
Q
bronchioles
A
smallest branches of the bronchi. terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts
7
Q
bronchus
A
branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the lung bronchial tube
8
Q
bronchi
A
plural; bronchus- refers to both sides left and right branches
9
Q
carbon dioxide (CO2)
A
gas produced by body cells when oxygen and carbon atoms from food combine; exhaled through the lungs
10
Q
cilia
A
thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract; they clear bacteria and foreign substances from the lung; cigarette smoke impairs the function of cilia
11
Q
diaphragm
A
muscle separating the chest and abdomen; it contracts to pull air into the lungs and relaxes to push air out
12
Q
epiglottis
A
lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing
13
Q
exhalation
A
breathing out; expiration
14
Q
glottis
A
slit-like opening to the larynx
15
Q
hilum of the lung
A
midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs; hilar means pertaining to (or at) the hilum
16
Q
inhalation
A
breathing in; inspiration
17
Q
larynx
A
voice box, contains vocal cords
18
Q
lobe
A
division of a lung; 3 right, 2 left
19
Q
mediastinum
A
region between the lungs in the chest cavity; it contains trachea, heart, lymph nodes, major blood vessels, esophagus, and bronchial tubes
20
Q
nares
A
openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities; nostrils
21
Q
oxygen (O2)
A
gas that makes up 21 percent of the air that we breathe. it passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all cells of the body
22
Q
palatine tonsil
A
one of a pair of almond-shape masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx (palatine means pertaining to the roof of the mouth)
23
Q
paranasal sinus
A
one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose
24
Q
parietal pleura
A
outer layer of the pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall
25
pharynx
throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
26
pleura
double-layered membrane surrounding each lung
27
pleural cavity
space between the layers of the pleura
28
pulmonary parenchyma
essential parts of the lung; responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli
29
respiration
exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) at the lung capillaries (external respiration or breathing), and at the tissue capillaries (internal respiration)
30
trachea
windpipe
31
auscultation
listening to sounds within the body
32
percussion
tapping on the surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure
33
pleural rub
scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other (also called friction rub)
34
rales (crackles)
fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli
35
lavage
to flush and to wash
36
rhonchi pl. rhoncus
loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum
37
sputum
material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting
38
purulent
containing pus
39
C&S
culture and sensitivity testing identifies the sputum pathogen and which antibiotics to use
40
stridor
strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or the larynx
41
wheezes
continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing
42
anthracosis
coal dust accumulates in the lungs
43
asbestosis
asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs
44
bacilli s. bacillus
rod-shaped bacteria
45
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
chronic condition of persistent obstruction of air flow through the bronchial tubes and lungs; causes, smoking, pollution, chronic infection, and sometimes asthma; predominant patients referred to as "blue bloaters", generally stocky and cyanotic and people with predominant emphysema are pink puffers, (short of breath, near-normal blood oxygen levels, no skin color changes)
46
cor pulmonale
failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease
47
exudates
fluid, cells, and other substances like pus that filter from the cells or capillaries and ooze into lesions or areas of inflammation
48
infiltrate
collection of fluid or or other material within the lung, as seen on a chest film, CT scan, or other radiologic image
49
palliative
relieving symptoms but not curing the disease
50
paroxysmal
pertaining to a sudden occurrence, such as a spasm or seizure, oxysm/o means sudden
51
pulmonary infarction
area of necrosis (death of lung tissue)
52
purulent
containing pus
53
silicosis
disease due to silica glass or dust in the lungs; occurs in mining occupations
54
adenoidectomy
removal of the adenoids
55
adenoid hypertrophy
increased development of adenoids
56
alveolar
pertaining to the alveolus
57
bronchospasm
involuntary muscle contractions of the bronchial- this tightening of the bronchi and smaller bronchial tubes (bronchioles) is a chief characteristic of bronchitis
58
bronchiectasis
bronchi become widened/damaged; caused by weakening of the bronchial wall from infection
59
bronchodilator
this drug causes dilation, or enlargement, of the opening of a bronchus or bronchiole to improve ventilation to the lungs; an example is albuterol, delivered via inhaler
60
bronchopleural
pertaining to the bronchus and pleura
61
bronchopleural fistula
an abnormal connection between the bronchial tube and the pleural cavity; occurs as a result of lung disease or surgical complication; this can cause an air leak into the pleural space
62
bronchiolitis
inflammation of the bronchioles; an acute viral infection occurs in infants
63
hypercapnia
increased levels of carbon dioxide in blood stream
64
pneumoconiosis
abnormal lung condition caused by exposure to certain dust; chronic inflammation, bronchitis and infection
65
cyanosis
abnormal condition of blue coloring; caused by deficient oxygen in the blood
66
epiglottitis
inflammation of the epiglottis; characterized by fever, sore throat, and erythematous (red), swollen epiglottis
67
laryngeal
pertaining to the larynx
68
laryngospasm
involuntary contraction/spasm of laryngeal muscles that close the larynx
69
laryngitis
inflammation of the larynx
70
lobectomy
removal of a lung lobe; 4 different kinds
71
wedge resection
removal of a small, localized area of diseased tissue near the surface of the lung; pulmonary function and structure retained
72
segmental resection
the removal of a bronchiole and its alveoli (one of more lung segments); remaining lung tissue expands to fill the new space
73
lobectomy
removal of an entire lobe of the lung; the remaining lung increases in size to fill the space
74
pneumonectomy
removal of an entire lung; removal of ribs and elevation of the diaphragm to help fill the missing space
75
mediastinoscopy
visual exam of the mediastinum; an endoscope is inserted through an incision in the chest
76
paranasal sinuses
pair of cavities in the bones near the nose; para means "near"
77
nasogastric intubation
placement of tube from nose to stomach
78
orthopnea
an abnormal condition in which breathing (-pnea is breathing condition) is easier in the upright position; a major cause is congestive heart failure
79
hypoxia
deficiency of oxygen in the tissue; tissue has a decreased amount of oxygen; cyanosis may occur
80
expectoration
clearing of secretions from the airway by coughing or spitting; this sputum can contain mucous, blood, cellular debris, pus, and microorganisms
81
pharyngeal
pertaining to pharynx
82
dysphonia
abnormal voice or sound when speaking; hoarseness or other voice impairment
83
phrenic nerve
carries impulses between the brain and diaphragm, the motor nerve for the diaphragm
84
pleurodynia
pain associated with pleura; the intercostal muscles or pleura are inflamed, causing pain during breathing
85
pleural effusion
collection of fluid in the pleural cavity; an effusion is the escape of fluid from blood vessels or lymphatics into a cavity or into tissue spaces
86
sinusitis
inflammation of the paranasal sinuses due to viral, bacterial or fungal or allergies
87
pneumothorax
collection of air or gas in the pleura; because of a hole in the lung, air accumulates in the pleural cavity, between the layers of the pleura
88
pneumonectomy
removal of a lung
89
pulmonary
pertaining to the lungs; pulmonary circulation carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs and then returns oxygenated blood back to the heart for transportation throughout the body
90
rhinoplasty
surgical repair of the nose
91
rhinorrhea
discharge of mucous from the nose; runny nose
92
spirometer
instrument that measures breathing
93
expiration
exhale / breathing out / exhalation
94
respiration
exchange of gasses internal and external
95
cheyne-stokes respirations are marked by rhythmic changes in the depth of breathing (rapid breathing then absence of breathing). the pattern occurs every 45 seconds to 3 minutes,the cause may be heart failure or brain damage, both of which affect the respiratory center in the brain
cheyne-stokes respirations
96
atelectasis
collapsed lung; incomplete expansion; may occur after surgery when a patient experiences pain and does not take deep breaths, preventing full expansion of the lungs
97
thoracotomy
incision of the chest
98
thoracic
pertaining to the chest
99
tonsillectomy
the oropharyngeal (palatine; palace; roof of the mouth ) tonsils are removed
100
tracheotomy
incision of the trachea
101
tracheal stenosis
narrowing of the trachea; injury to the trachea from trauma, burn, or serious infection can cause scarring and contraction that obstructs the flow of air; for example, having an endotracheal tube in place for a prolonged period may lead to injury or scar tissue of the trachea and cause stenosis
102
empyema
(pyothorax) a collection of pus in the pleural cavity
103
anosmia
loss of sense of smell
104
apnea
without breathing
105
sleep apnea
sudden cessation of breathing during sleep; it can result in hypoxia, leading to cognitive impairment, hypertension, and arrhythmias
106
obstructive sleep apnea
OSA; involves narrowing or occlusion in the upper airway
107
continuous positive airway pressure
CPAP; a ventilatory support device used to keep the airways open during sleep
108
dyspnea
abnormal breathing; associated with SOB (shortness of breath)
109
paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
sudden at night abnormal breathing; may be experienced by patients with congestive heart failure when they recline; air hunger
110
hyperpnea
excessive breathing; an increase in the depth of breathing, occurring normally with exercise and abnormally with any condition in which the supply of oxygen is adequate
111
tachypnea
fast breathing; excessively shallow or rapid breathing; hyperventillation
112
hemoptysis
spitting up blood; coughed up from the bronchial tubes and lungs; can occur with bronchitis or pneumonia but also with TB, cancer, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary embolism
113
asphyxia
deficient oxygen, increased CO2; literally means "lack of pulse", it is severe hypoxia leading to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, loss of consciousness and death
114
hemothorax
blood in the chest surrounding the lungs
115
pyothorax
pus in the chest surrounding the lungs; empyema of the chest
116
atelactasis
air collects in the pleural cavity
117
pneumothorax
fluid collects in the pleural cavity
118
pulmonary edema
fluid collects in air sacs and bronchioles
119
bronchial obstruction
collapsed lung
