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MBC > CH 12 RESPIRATORY DEFINITIONS > Flashcards

CH 12 RESPIRATORY DEFINITIONS Flashcards

1
Q

adenoids

A

lymphatic tissue in the nasopharynx; pharyngeal tonsils

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2
Q

alveolus

A

tiny air sac in the lungs

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3
Q

alveoli

A

plural, alveolus

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4
Q

apex of the lung

A

tip or uppermost portion of the lung; an apex is the tip of a structure; apical means pertaining to or located at the apex

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5
Q

base of the lung

A

lower portion of the lung; from the greek basis, foundation; basilar means located at or in the base

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6
Q

bronchioles

A

smallest branches of the bronchi. terminal bronchioles lead to alveolar ducts

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7
Q

bronchus

A

branch of the trachea (windpipe) that is a passageway into the lung bronchial tube

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8
Q

bronchi

A

plural; bronchus- refers to both sides left and right branches

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9
Q

carbon dioxide (CO2)

A

gas produced by body cells when oxygen and carbon atoms from food combine; exhaled through the lungs

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10
Q

cilia

A

thin hairs attached to the mucous membrane epithelium lining the respiratory tract; they clear bacteria and foreign substances from the lung; cigarette smoke impairs the function of cilia

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11
Q

diaphragm

A

muscle separating the chest and abdomen; it contracts to pull air into the lungs and relaxes to push air out

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12
Q

epiglottis

A

lid-like piece of cartilage that covers the larynx, preventing food from entering the larynx and trachea during swallowing

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13
Q

exhalation

A

breathing out; expiration

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14
Q

glottis

A

slit-like opening to the larynx

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15
Q

hilum of the lung

A

midline region where the bronchi, blood vessels, and nerves enter and exit the lungs; hilar means pertaining to (or at) the hilum

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16
Q

inhalation

A

breathing in; inspiration

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17
Q

larynx

A

voice box, contains vocal cords

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18
Q

lobe

A

division of a lung; 3 right, 2 left

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19
Q

mediastinum

A

region between the lungs in the chest cavity; it contains trachea, heart, lymph nodes, major blood vessels, esophagus, and bronchial tubes

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20
Q

nares

A

openings through the nose carrying air into the nasal cavities; nostrils

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21
Q

oxygen (O2)

A

gas that makes up 21 percent of the air that we breathe. it passes into the bloodstream at the lungs and travels to all cells of the body

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22
Q

palatine tonsil

A

one of a pair of almond-shape masses of lymphatic tissue in the oropharynx (palatine means pertaining to the roof of the mouth)

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23
Q

paranasal sinus

A

one of the air cavities in the bones near the nose

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24
Q

parietal pleura

A

outer layer of the pleura lying closer to the ribs and chest wall

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25
Q

pharynx

A

throat; including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

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26
Q

pleura

A

double-layered membrane surrounding each lung

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27
Q

pleural cavity

A

space between the layers of the pleura

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28
Q

pulmonary parenchyma

A

essential parts of the lung; responsible for respiration; bronchioles and alveoli

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29
Q

respiration

A

exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) at the lung capillaries (external respiration or breathing), and at the tissue capillaries (internal respiration)

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30
Q

trachea

A

windpipe

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31
Q

auscultation

A

listening to sounds within the body

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32
Q

percussion

A

tapping on the surface to determine the difference in the density of the underlying structure

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33
Q

pleural rub

A

scratchy sound produced by pleural surfaces rubbing against each other (also called friction rub)

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34
Q

rales (crackles)

A

fine crackling sounds heard on auscultation (during inhalation) when there is fluid in the alveoli

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35
Q

lavage

A

to flush and to wash

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36
Q

rhonchi pl. rhoncus

A

loud rumbling sounds heard on auscultation of bronchi obstructed by sputum

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37
Q

sputum

A

material expelled from the bronchi, lungs, or upper respiratory tract by spitting

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38
Q

purulent

A

containing pus

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39
Q

C&S

A

culture and sensitivity testing identifies the sputum pathogen and which antibiotics to use

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40
Q

stridor

A

strained, high-pitched sound heard on inspiration caused by obstruction in the pharynx or the larynx

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41
Q

wheezes

A

continuous high-pitched whistling sounds produced during breathing

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42
Q

anthracosis

A

coal dust accumulates in the lungs

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43
Q

asbestosis

A

asbestos particles accumulate in the lungs

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44
Q

bacilli s. bacillus

A

rod-shaped bacteria

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45
Q

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

chronic condition of persistent obstruction of air flow through the bronchial tubes and lungs; causes, smoking, pollution, chronic infection, and sometimes asthma; predominant patients referred to as “blue bloaters”, generally stocky and cyanotic and people with predominant emphysema are pink puffers, (short of breath, near-normal blood oxygen levels, no skin color changes)

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46
Q

cor pulmonale

A

failure of the right side of the heart to pump a sufficient amount of blood to the lungs because of underlying lung disease

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47
Q

exudates

A

fluid, cells, and other substances like pus that filter from the cells or capillaries and ooze into lesions or areas of inflammation

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48
Q

infiltrate

A

collection of fluid or or other material within the lung, as seen on a chest film, CT scan, or other radiologic image

49
Q

palliative

A

relieving symptoms but not curing the disease

50
Q

paroxysmal

A

pertaining to a sudden occurrence, such as a spasm or seizure, oxysm/o means sudden

51
Q

pulmonary infarction

A

area of necrosis (death of lung tissue)

52
Q

purulent

A

containing pus

53
Q

silicosis

A

disease due to silica glass or dust in the lungs; occurs in mining occupations

54
Q

adenoidectomy

A

removal of the adenoids

55
Q

adenoid hypertrophy

A

increased development of adenoids

56
Q

alveolar

A

pertaining to the alveolus

57
Q

bronchospasm

A

involuntary muscle contractions of the bronchial- this tightening of the bronchi and smaller bronchial tubes (bronchioles) is a chief characteristic of bronchitis

58
Q

bronchiectasis

A

bronchi become widened/damaged; caused by weakening of the bronchial wall from infection

59
Q

bronchodilator

A

this drug causes dilation, or enlargement, of the opening of a bronchus or bronchiole to improve ventilation to the lungs; an example is albuterol, delivered via inhaler

60
Q

bronchopleural

A

pertaining to the bronchus and pleura

61
Q

bronchopleural fistula

A

an abnormal connection between the bronchial tube and the pleural cavity; occurs as a result of lung disease or surgical complication; this can cause an air leak into the pleural space

62
Q

bronchiolitis

A

inflammation of the bronchioles; an acute viral infection occurs in infants

63
Q

hypercapnia

A

increased levels of carbon dioxide in blood stream

64
Q

pneumoconiosis

A

abnormal lung condition caused by exposure to certain dust; chronic inflammation, bronchitis and infection

65
Q

cyanosis

A

abnormal condition of blue coloring; caused by deficient oxygen in the blood

66
Q

epiglottitis

A

inflammation of the epiglottis; characterized by fever, sore throat, and erythematous (red), swollen epiglottis

67
Q

laryngeal

A

pertaining to the larynx

68
Q

laryngospasm

A

involuntary contraction/spasm of laryngeal muscles that close the larynx

69
Q

laryngitis

A

inflammation of the larynx

70
Q

lobectomy

A

removal of a lung lobe; 4 different kinds

71
Q

wedge resection

A

removal of a small, localized area of diseased tissue near the surface of the lung; pulmonary function and structure retained

72
Q

segmental resection

A

the removal of a bronchiole and its alveoli (one of more lung segments); remaining lung tissue expands to fill the new space

73
Q

lobectomy

A

removal of an entire lobe of the lung; the remaining lung increases in size to fill the space

74
Q

pneumonectomy

A

removal of an entire lung; removal of ribs and elevation of the diaphragm to help fill the missing space

75
Q

mediastinoscopy

A

visual exam of the mediastinum; an endoscope is inserted through an incision in the chest

76
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

pair of cavities in the bones near the nose; para means “near”

77
Q

nasogastric intubation

A

placement of tube from nose to stomach

78
Q

orthopnea

A

an abnormal condition in which breathing (-pnea is breathing condition) is easier in the upright position; a major cause is congestive heart failure

79
Q

hypoxia

A

deficiency of oxygen in the tissue; tissue has a decreased amount of oxygen; cyanosis may occur

80
Q

expectoration

A

clearing of secretions from the airway by coughing or spitting; this sputum can contain mucous, blood, cellular debris, pus, and microorganisms

81
Q

pharyngeal

A

pertaining to pharynx

82
Q

dysphonia

A

abnormal voice or sound when speaking; hoarseness or other voice impairment

83
Q

phrenic nerve

A

carries impulses between the brain and diaphragm, the motor nerve for the diaphragm

84
Q

pleurodynia

A

pain associated with pleura; the intercostal muscles or pleura are inflamed, causing pain during breathing

85
Q

pleural effusion

A

collection of fluid in the pleural cavity; an effusion is the escape of fluid from blood vessels or lymphatics into a cavity or into tissue spaces

86
Q

sinusitis

A

inflammation of the paranasal sinuses due to viral, bacterial or fungal or allergies

87
Q

pneumothorax

A

collection of air or gas in the pleura; because of a hole in the lung, air accumulates in the pleural cavity, between the layers of the pleura

88
Q

pneumonectomy

A

removal of a lung

89
Q

pulmonary

A

pertaining to the lungs; pulmonary circulation carries oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs and then returns oxygenated blood back to the heart for transportation throughout the body

90
Q

rhinoplasty

A

surgical repair of the nose

91
Q

rhinorrhea

A

discharge of mucous from the nose; runny nose

92
Q

spirometer

A

instrument that measures breathing

93
Q

expiration

A

exhale / breathing out / exhalation

94
Q

respiration

A

exchange of gasses internal and external

95
Q

cheyne-stokes respirations are marked by rhythmic changes in the depth of breathing (rapid breathing then absence of breathing). the pattern occurs every 45 seconds to 3 minutes,the cause may be heart failure or brain damage, both of which affect the respiratory center in the brain

A

cheyne-stokes respirations

96
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed lung; incomplete expansion; may occur after surgery when a patient experiences pain and does not take deep breaths, preventing full expansion of the lungs

97
Q

thoracotomy

A

incision of the chest

98
Q

thoracic

A

pertaining to the chest

99
Q

tonsillectomy

A

the oropharyngeal (palatine; palace; roof of the mouth ) tonsils are removed

100
Q

tracheotomy

A

incision of the trachea

101
Q

tracheal stenosis

A

narrowing of the trachea; injury to the trachea from trauma, burn, or serious infection can cause scarring and contraction that obstructs the flow of air; for example, having an endotracheal tube in place for a prolonged period may lead to injury or scar tissue of the trachea and cause stenosis

102
Q

empyema

A

(pyothorax) a collection of pus in the pleural cavity

103
Q

anosmia

A

loss of sense of smell

104
Q

apnea

A

without breathing

105
Q

sleep apnea

A

sudden cessation of breathing during sleep; it can result in hypoxia, leading to cognitive impairment, hypertension, and arrhythmias

106
Q

obstructive sleep apnea

A

OSA; involves narrowing or occlusion in the upper airway

107
Q

continuous positive airway pressure

A

CPAP; a ventilatory support device used to keep the airways open during sleep

108
Q

dyspnea

A

abnormal breathing; associated with SOB (shortness of breath)

109
Q

paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea

A

sudden at night abnormal breathing; may be experienced by patients with congestive heart failure when they recline; air hunger

110
Q

hyperpnea

A

excessive breathing; an increase in the depth of breathing, occurring normally with exercise and abnormally with any condition in which the supply of oxygen is adequate

111
Q

tachypnea

A

fast breathing; excessively shallow or rapid breathing; hyperventillation

112
Q

hemoptysis

A

spitting up blood; coughed up from the bronchial tubes and lungs; can occur with bronchitis or pneumonia but also with TB, cancer, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary embolism

113
Q

asphyxia

A

deficient oxygen, increased CO2; literally means “lack of pulse”, it is severe hypoxia leading to hypoxemia, hypercapnia, loss of consciousness and death

114
Q

hemothorax

A

blood in the chest surrounding the lungs

115
Q

pyothorax

A

pus in the chest surrounding the lungs; empyema of the chest

116
Q

atelactasis

A

air collects in the pleural cavity

117
Q

pneumothorax

A

fluid collects in the pleural cavity

118
Q

pulmonary edema

A

fluid collects in air sacs and bronchioles

119
Q

bronchial obstruction

A

collapsed lung

MBC (38 decks)

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