CH 13 BLOOD PATHOLOGY

Question 1

anemia

Answer 1

deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin; caused by a lack of iron which is needed for hemoglobin production

Question 2

aplastic anemia

Answer 2

failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow. usually idiopathic but few cases have been linked to benzene.

Question 3

pancytopenia

Answer 3

occurs when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets and erythrocytes. antibiotics control infections and blood transfusion can prolong life. also bone marrow transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy.

Question 4

hemolytic anemia

Answer 4

reduction of red blood cells due to excessive destruction.

Question 5

congenital spherocytic anemia

Answer 5

hereditary spherocytosis- instead of the biconcave shape, erythrocytes are spheroidal. makes them fragile resulting in hemolysis. removal of spleen can help since the spleen helps destroy red blood cells.

Question 6

sickle cell anemia

Answer 6

hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis. sickle-shaped red blood cells. a genetic defect hat is inherited. gene therapy possible. these patients are immune to malaria because the parasite cannot infect their cells.

Question 7

thalassemia

Answer 7

inherited disorder of abnormal hemoglobin production leading to hypochromia. a gene defect affects production of globin, the protein that makes hemoglobin. so there is diminished hemoglobin content in red blood cells.

Question 8

thalassa

Answer 8

means sea

Question 9

pernicious anemia

Answer 9

lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin b12 into the bloodstream. b12 necessary for erythrocytes. b12 cannot be absorbed without intrinsic factor which people with this lack. treatment is b12 injections for life. used to be fatal within 6 months before it was figured out.

Question 10

hemochromatosis

Answer 10

excess iron deposits throughout the body. can be hereditary or caused by frequent blood transfusions.

Question 11

polycythemia vera

Answer 11

general increase in red blood cells (erythremia). blood is viscuous because of a great number of erythrocytes. the bone marrow is hyperplastic, and leukocytosis and thrombocytosis are common. treatment is having blood removed and suppressing blood cell production with myelotoxic drugs.

Question 12

hemophilia

Answer 12

excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII or IX necessary for blood clotting. blood does not clot easily. progress is being made with gene therapy. typically affects majority males because these factors are located on the X gene, of which males only have one.

Question 13

purpura

Answer 13

multiple point hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin. reddish or bluish skin discoloration. petechia and ecchymoses are present. its a deficiency of platelets ( “autoimmune” thrombocytopenic purpura). immunologic, meaning the body produces antiplatelet factors that harm the platelets. splenectomy can treat it and immunosuppressive therapy.

Question 14

leukemia

Answer 14

increase in malignant white blood cells.

Question 15

acute myeloid leukemia

Answer 15

AML- immature granulocytes predominate. platelets and erythrocytes are diminished because of overproduction of myeloblasts. affects mainly adults and treated with chemo but remission is common. stem cell therapy may cure.

Question 16

acute lymphoid (lymphocytic) leukemia (ALL)

Answer 16

immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate. mostly in children, treated with chemo.

Question 17

chronic myeloid (myelocytic) leukemia (CML)

Answer 17

mature and immature granulocytes are present. slowly progresses. both adults and children. drug therapy may control.

Question 18

chronic lymphoid (lymphocytic) leukemia (CLL)

Answer 18

abnormal numbers of mature lymphocytes everywhere. usually in elderly and slowly progresses. does not require immediate treatment.

Question 19

remission

Answer 19

disappearance of signs and symptoms of disease

Question 20

relapse

Answer 20

symptoms and signs of disease reappear

Question 21

granulocytosis

Answer 21

abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood. may occur due to infection or inflammation.

Question 22

eosinophilia

Answer 22

increase in eosinophil granulocytes seen in allergy conditions such as asthma or parasitic infection

Question 23

basophilia

Answer 23

increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain types of leukemia

Question 24

mononucleosis

Answer 24

infectious, viral disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. transmitted by the epstein barre virus (EBV). mostly in young adults and rest to recover.

Question 25

multiple myeloma

Answer 25

malignant neoplasm of bone marrow. disease of bone marrow cells. malignant lymphocytes produce antibodies that destroy bone tissue and immunoglobins. bence jones protein found in urine. drugs relieve symptoms, pain orthepedic and chemo can help. drugs are palliative

Question 26

autologous bone marrow transplantation

Answer 26

ABMT- in which the patient uses his/her own stem cells to cure, this may lead to prolonged remission of multiple myeloma

Question 27

antiglobulin test (coombs test)

Answer 27

test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes

Question 28

complete blood count

Answer 28

CBC - determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values- MCH, MCV, MCHC

Question 29

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (sed rate)

Answer 29

ESR - speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma- the time it takes for rbc to sink in a test tube

Question 30

hematocrit

Answer 30

(Hct) - percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood- blood spun in a centrifuge so that rbc fall to the bottom

Question 31

hemoglobin test

Answer 31

(H, Hg, Hgb, HGB) - total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood

Question 32

platelet count

Answer 32

number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

Question 33

prothrombin time

Answer 33

(PT) test of the ability of blood to clot. prothrombin is a clotting factor made by the liver.

Question 34

international normalized ratio

Answer 34

INR - rate of a pateints blood clotting time compared to the standard population.

Question 35

partial thromboplastin time

Answer 35

PTT - measures other clotting factors. PT and PTT usually done at the same time.

Question 36

red blood cell count

Answer 36

RBC - number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

Question 37

red blood cell morphology

Answer 37

microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells.

Question 38

white blood cell count

Answer 38

WBC - number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood. takes seconds, automatically counted by a device

Question 39

white blood cell differential (count)

Answer 39

percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood

Question 40

apherisis

Answer 40

separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood. can remove toxins and autoantibodies ffrom the blood and collect blood cells. if its plasma, it is plasma exchange. also can be leukapheresis, plateletpheresis, and plasmapheresis

Question 41

blood transfusion

Answer 41

whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient.

Question 42

autologous transfusion

Answer 42

the collection and later reinfusion of a patient's own blood

Question 43

packed cells

Answer 43

a preparation of red blood cells separated from liquid plasma and administered in severe anemia to restore levels of hemoglobin and rbc without overdiluting the blood with excess fluid.

Question 44

bone marrow biopsy

Answer 44

microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle. helpful in diagnosing blood disorders.

Question 45

bone marrow aspiration

Answer 45

bone marrow may also be removed by brief suction with a syringe

Question 46

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Answer 46

peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient

Question 47

autologous stem cell transplantation

Answer 47

patient's own stem cells are used for transplantation after chemo to reduce immune response and reduce rejection

Question 48

bone marrow transplantation

Answer 48

same as stem cell transplantation but using bone marrow cells

Question 49

graft-versus-host disease

Answer 49

(GVHD) - rejection of transplant the host cells recognize the transplant as foreign and attack them

Question 50

allogenic transplant

Answer 50

from a similar host

Question 51

autogenic transplant

Answer 51

from the patient