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MBC > CH 13 BLOOD PATHOLOGY > Flashcards

CH 13 BLOOD PATHOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

anemia

A

deficiency in erythrocytes or hemoglobin; caused by a lack of iron which is needed for hemoglobin production

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2
Q

aplastic anemia

A

failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow. usually idiopathic but few cases have been linked to benzene.

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3
Q

pancytopenia

A

occurs when stem cells fail to produce leukocytes, platelets and erythrocytes. antibiotics control infections and blood transfusion can prolong life. also bone marrow transplantation and immunosuppressive therapy.

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4
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

reduction of red blood cells due to excessive destruction.

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5
Q

congenital spherocytic anemia

A

hereditary spherocytosis- instead of the biconcave shape, erythrocytes are spheroidal. makes them fragile resulting in hemolysis. removal of spleen can help since the spleen helps destroy red blood cells.

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6
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

hereditary disorder of abnormal hemoglobin producing sickle-shaped erythrocytes and hemolysis. sickle-shaped red blood cells. a genetic defect hat is inherited. gene therapy possible. these patients are immune to malaria because the parasite cannot infect their cells.

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7
Q

thalassemia

A

inherited disorder of abnormal hemoglobin production leading to hypochromia. a gene defect affects production of globin, the protein that makes hemoglobin. so there is diminished hemoglobin content in red blood cells.

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8
Q

thalassa

A

means sea

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9
Q

pernicious anemia

A

lack of mature erythrocytes caused by inability to absorb vitamin b12 into the bloodstream. b12 necessary for erythrocytes. b12 cannot be absorbed without intrinsic factor which people with this lack. treatment is b12 injections for life. used to be fatal within 6 months before it was figured out.

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10
Q

hemochromatosis

A

excess iron deposits throughout the body. can be hereditary or caused by frequent blood transfusions.

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11
Q

polycythemia vera

A

general increase in red blood cells (erythremia). blood is viscuous because of a great number of erythrocytes. the bone marrow is hyperplastic, and leukocytosis and thrombocytosis are common. treatment is having blood removed and suppressing blood cell production with myelotoxic drugs.

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12
Q

hemophilia

A

excessive bleeding caused by hereditary lack of factors VIII or IX necessary for blood clotting. blood does not clot easily. progress is being made with gene therapy. typically affects majority males because these factors are located on the X gene, of which males only have one.

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13
Q

purpura

A

multiple point hemorrhages and accumulation of blood under the skin. reddish or bluish skin discoloration. petechia and ecchymoses are present. its a deficiency of platelets ( “autoimmune” thrombocytopenic purpura). immunologic, meaning the body produces antiplatelet factors that harm the platelets. splenectomy can treat it and immunosuppressive therapy.

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14
Q

leukemia

A

increase in malignant white blood cells.

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15
Q

acute myeloid leukemia

A

AML- immature granulocytes predominate. platelets and erythrocytes are diminished because of overproduction of myeloblasts. affects mainly adults and treated with chemo but remission is common. stem cell therapy may cure.

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16
Q

acute lymphoid (lymphocytic) leukemia (ALL)

A

immature lymphocytes (lymphoblasts) predominate. mostly in children, treated with chemo.

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17
Q

chronic myeloid (myelocytic) leukemia (CML)

A

mature and immature granulocytes are present. slowly progresses. both adults and children. drug therapy may control.

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18
Q

chronic lymphoid (lymphocytic) leukemia (CLL)

A

abnormal numbers of mature lymphocytes everywhere. usually in elderly and slowly progresses. does not require immediate treatment.

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19
Q

remission

A

disappearance of signs and symptoms of disease

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20
Q

relapse

A

symptoms and signs of disease reappear

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21
Q

granulocytosis

A

abnormal increase in granulocytes in the blood. may occur due to infection or inflammation.

22
Q

eosinophilia

A

increase in eosinophil granulocytes seen in allergy conditions such as asthma or parasitic infection

23
Q

basophilia

A

increase in basophilic granulocytes seen in certain types of leukemia

24
Q

mononucleosis

A

infectious, viral disease marked by increased numbers of mononuclear leukocytes and enlarged cervical lymph nodes. transmitted by the epstein barre virus (EBV). mostly in young adults and rest to recover.

25
Q

multiple myeloma

A

malignant neoplasm of bone marrow. disease of bone marrow cells. malignant lymphocytes produce antibodies that destroy bone tissue and immunoglobins. bence jones protein found in urine. drugs relieve symptoms, pain orthepedic and chemo can help. drugs are palliative

26
Q

autologous bone marrow transplantation

A

ABMT- in which the patient uses his/her own stem cells to cure, this may lead to prolonged remission of multiple myeloma

27
Q

antiglobulin test (coombs test)

A

test for the presence of antibodies that coat and damage erythrocytes

28
Q

complete blood count

A

CBC - determination of numbers of blood cells, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, and red cell values- MCH, MCV, MCHC

29
Q

erythrocyte sedimentation rate (sed rate)

A

ESR - speed at which erythrocytes settle out of plasma- the time it takes for rbc to sink in a test tube

30
Q

hematocrit

A

(Hct) - percentage of erythrocytes in a volume of blood- blood spun in a centrifuge so that rbc fall to the bottom

31
Q

hemoglobin test

A

(H, Hg, Hgb, HGB) - total amount of hemoglobin in a sample of peripheral blood

32
Q

platelet count

A

number of platelets per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

33
Q

prothrombin time

A

(PT) test of the ability of blood to clot. prothrombin is a clotting factor made by the liver.

34
Q

international normalized ratio

A

INR - rate of a pateints blood clotting time compared to the standard population.

35
Q

partial thromboplastin time

A

PTT - measures other clotting factors. PT and PTT usually done at the same time.

36
Q

red blood cell count

A

RBC - number of erythrocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood

37
Q

red blood cell morphology

A

microscopic examination of a stained blood smear to determine the shape of individual red cells.

38
Q

white blood cell count

A

WBC - number of leukocytes per cubic millimeter or microliter of blood. takes seconds, automatically counted by a device

39
Q

white blood cell differential (count)

A

percentage of different types of leukocytes in the blood

40
Q

apherisis

A

separation of blood into component parts and removal of a select portion from the blood. can remove toxins and autoantibodies ffrom the blood and collect blood cells. if its plasma, it is plasma exchange. also can be leukapheresis, plateletpheresis, and plasmapheresis

41
Q

blood transfusion

A

whole blood or cells are taken from a donor and infused into a patient.

42
Q

autologous transfusion

A

the collection and later reinfusion of a patient’s own blood

43
Q

packed cells

A

a preparation of red blood cells separated from liquid plasma and administered in severe anemia to restore levels of hemoglobin and rbc without overdiluting the blood with excess fluid.

44
Q

bone marrow biopsy

A

microscopic examination of a core of bone marrow removed with a needle. helpful in diagnosing blood disorders.

45
Q

bone marrow aspiration

A

bone marrow may also be removed by brief suction with a syringe

46
Q

hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

A

peripheral stem cells from a compatible donor are administered to a recipient

47
Q

autologous stem cell transplantation

A

patient’s own stem cells are used for transplantation after chemo to reduce immune response and reduce rejection

48
Q

bone marrow transplantation

A

same as stem cell transplantation but using bone marrow cells

49
Q

graft-versus-host disease

A

(GVHD) - rejection of transplant the host cells recognize the transplant as foreign and attack them

50
Q

allogenic transplant

A

from a similar host

51
Q

autogenic transplant

A

from the patient

MBC (38 decks)

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