CH 11 CARDIO REVIEW Flashcards
valve that lies between the right atrium and the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
smallest blood vessel
capillary
carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
pulmonary vein
largest artery in the body
aorta
brings oxygen-poor blood to the lungs from the heart
pulmonary artery
upper chamber of the heart
atrium- two
carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs from the heart
pulmonary artery
small artery
aerteriole
valve that lies between the left atrium and the left ventricle
mitral valve
brings blood from the lower half of the body to the heart
inferior vena cava
small vein
venule
lower chamber of the heart
ventricle- two
the pacemaker of the heart
sinoatrial node
the sac-like membrane surrounding the heart
pericardium
the wall of the heart between the right and left atria
septum
the relaxation phase of the heartbeat
diastole
specialized conductive tissue in the wall between the ventricles
atrioventrivular bundle
inner lining of the heart
endocardium
the contractive phase of the heartbeat
systole
a gas released as a metabolic product of catabolism
co2 carbon dioxide
specialized conductive tissue at the base of the wall between two upper heart chambers
atrioventrivular node
the inner lining of the pericardium, closely enveloping the heart
visceral pericardium
an abnormal heart sound due to improper closure of the heart valves
murmur
the beat of the heart as felt through the walls of arteries is called
pulse
hardening of arteries
arteriosclerosis
disease condition of the heart muscle
cardiomyopathy
enlargement of the heart
cardiomegaly
inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
condition of rapid heartbeat
tachycardia
condition of slow heartbeat
bradycardia
high levels of cholesterol in the blood
hypercholesterolemia
surgical repair of a valve
valvuloplasty
condition of deficient oxygen
hypoxia
pertaining to an upper heart chamber
atrial
narrowing of the mitral valve
mitral stenosis
breakdown of a clot
thrombolysis
bluish skin indicating lack of oxygen in blood
cyanosis
incision of a vein for removal of blood
phlebotomy
new surgical connection between two arteries
arterial anastomosis
circulatory failure due to poor heart health
cardiogenic shock
mass of fatty plaque in artery
atheroma
irregular heartbeat rhythm
arrhythmia
instrument to measure blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
instrument for listening to sounds in the chest
stethescope
inflammation of the mitral valve
mitral valvulitis
build up of fat and plaque in the hardened veins
atherosclerosis
narrowing of a blood vessel
vasoconstriction
widening of a blood vessel
vasodilation
inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
endocarditis
rapid but regular atrial or ventricular contractions
flutter
small hole between the upper heart chambers; congenital anomaly
atrial septum defect
improper closure of the valve between the left atrium and ventricle during systole
mitral valve prolapse
blockage of arteries surrounding the heart leading to ischemia
coronary artery disease
high blood pressure affecting the heart
hypertensive heart disease
rapid, random ineffectual and irregular contractions of the heart
fibrillation
inflammation of the sac surrounding the heart
pericarditis
inability of the heart to pump its required amount of blood
congestive heart failure
congenital malformation involving four separate heart defects
tetralogy of fallot
congenital narrowing of the large artery leading from the heart
coarctation of the aorta
a duct between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which normally closes soon after birth, remains open
patent ductus arteriosus
failure of proper conduction of impulses through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle (bundle of His)
heart block
sudden unexpected stoppage of heart action
cardiac arrest
uncomfortable sensations in the chest associated with arrhythmias
palpitations (palpation is to examine by touch/feel)
battery operated device placed in the chest and wired to send electricity to the heart to establish stable sinus rhythms
artificial cardiac pacemaker
blockage of a vessel by a clot
thrombotic occlusion
chest pain resulting from insufficient oxygen being supplied to the heart muscle- ischemia
angina
area of necrosis/tissue death in heart muscle (heart attack)
myocardial infarction
abnormal condition of death (dead tissue)
necrosis
damage or death of tissue due to deprivation of oxygen
infarction
blood is held back/stopped from an area of the body
ischemia
nitrate drug used in treatment of angina
nitroglycerine
drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat
digoxin
abnormal sound heard on auscultation- a murmur
bruit
vibration felt on palpation of the chest
thrill
consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries (causes myocardial infarction and unstable angina)
acute coronary syndromes ACSs
scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation indicating pericarditis
pericardial friction rub
clot formation in a large vein, usually lower limb
deep vein thrombosis
device enabling ventricles to beat in synchrony / cardiac resynchronization therapy
biventricular pacemaker
lesions that form on heart valves after damage by infection
vegetations
clots that travel to and suddenly block a blood vessel
emboli
small, pinpoint hemorrhages
petechia
an extra heart sound, heard between normal beats caused by a valvular defect or condition that disrupts the smooth flow of blood through the heart
murmur
listening with a stethoscope
auscultation
heart disease caused by rheumatic fever
rheumatic heart disease
high blood pressure in arteries when the etiology is idiopathic
essential hypertension
high blood pressure related to kidney disease
secondary hypertension
episodes of pallor, numbness, and cyanosis in fingers and toes caused by a temporary constriction of the arterioles
reynaud disease
local widening of an artery
aneurysm
pain, tension and weakness in a limb after walking has begun
claudication
blockage of arteries in the lower extremities; etiology is athersclerosis
peripheral arterial disease
types of drugs used to treat acute coronary syndrome includes:
beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, statins, aspirin, calcium channel blockers
when damaged valves in veins fail to prevent blackflow of blood, a condition of swollen, twisted veins is the result
varicose veins
swollen twisted veins in the rectal region
hemerrhoids
name the four defects in the tetralogy of fallot
- pulmonary artery stenosis 2. ventricular septal defect 3. shift of the aorta to the right 4. hypertrophy of the right ventricle
surgical removal of plaque from the inner lining of an artery
endarterectomy
application of brief electrical discharges across the chest to stop ventricular fibrillation and pulseless ventricular tachycardia
defibrillation
measurement of levels of fatty substances in the bloodstream (triglycerides and cholesterol)
lipid tests
measurement of the heart’s response to physical exertion ex. while jogging on a treadmill
stress test
measurement of troponin-I and troponin-T after myocardial infarction
cardiac biomarkers
injection of contrast into vessels and xray imaging
angiography/ateriography
recording of electricity in the heart
electrocardiogram
intravenous injection of a radioactive substance and measurement of its accumulation in heart muscle
thallium 201 scan
use of echoes from high frequency sound waves to produce images of the heart
echocardiography
separation of HDL and LDL from a blood sample
lipoprotein electrophoresis
anastomosis of vessel grafts to existing coronary arteries to maintain blood supply to the myocardium
coronary artery bypass grafting CABG
beaming of magnetic waves at the heart to produce images of its structure
cardiac MRI
AF
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
VT
VENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIA
VF
VENTRICULAR FIBRILLATION
PVC
PREMATURE VENTRICULAR CONTRACTION
PAC
PREMATURE ATRIAL CONTRACTION
CHF
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
VSD
VENTRICULAR SEPTAL DEFECT
MI
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
PDA
PATENT DUCTUS ATERIOSUS
MVP
MITRAL VALVE PROLAPSE
AS
AORTIC STENOSIS
CAD
CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
ASD
ATRIAL SEPTAL DEFECT
video equipment and computer produce xray pictures of blood vessels by taking two pictures with and without contrast and subtracting the first image without contrast from the second image
digital subtraction angiography
a donor heart is transferred to a recipient
heart transplantation
exercise tolerance test combined with radioactive tracer scan
ETT-MIBI
an instrument that focuses sound waves on a blood vessel to measure blood flow
Doppler ultrasound
a compact version of an electrocardiograph is worn during a 24-hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias
holter monitoring
treatment with drugs (streptokinase and tPA) to dissolve clots after a heart attack
thrombolytic therapy
a heart-lung machine is used to divert blood from the heart and lungs during surgery. the machine oxygenates the blood and sends it back into the bloodstream
extracorporeal circulation
a catheter tube is inserted into an artery or vein and threaded into the heart chambers. contrast can be injected to take xray pictures, patterns of blood flow can be detected; and blood pressures can be measured
cardiac catheterization
a balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place
percutaneous coronary intervention
stents are expandable slotted tubes that are placed in arteries during PCI. they release polymers that prevent plaque from reforming
drug-eluting stent
electron beams and CT identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose CAD
electron beam computed tomography
xray images of the heart and coronary arteries obtained using CT technology
CT angiography
cardiac serum enzyme test for myocardial infarction
cardiac troponin i and troponin n
booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a cannula leading to the heart as a “bridge to transplant”
LVAD left ventricular assist device
ultrasound imaging of the heart using transducer within the esophagus
TEE trans esophageal exchocardiography
device implanted in the chest that senses and corrects arrhythmias by shocking the heart
ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator
catheter delivery of high frequency current to damage a small portion of the heart muscle and reverse an abnormal heart rhythm
RFA radiofrequency catheter ablation
procedure to determine the hearts response to physical exertion
ETT exercise tolerance test
cardiac imaging using high frequency sound waves pulsed through the chest wall and bounced off heart structures
ECHO echocardiography
radioactive test of heart function with stress test
ETT-MIBI with sestamibi scan
technique using heart-lung machine to divert blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is being repaired
ECMO extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
biventricular pacing to correct serious abnormal ventricular rhythm
CRT cardiac resynchronization therapy
lipoprotein sample is measured
LDL; low density lipoprotein- high levels indicate a high risk of CAD
brain chemical measured to identify patients at risk for complications after MI and with CHF
BNP brain natriuretic peptide
pertaining to the heart
coronary
not a normal heart rhythm
arrhythmia
abnormal condition of blueness
cyanosis
relaxation phase of the heartbeat
diastole
chest pain
angina pectoris
inflammation of a vein
phlebitis
widening of a vessel
vasodilation
enlargement of the heart
cardiomegaly
hardening of the arteries with fatty plaque
atherosclerosis
swollen veins in the rectal region
hemorrhoids
incision of a heart valve
valvotomy
removal of a clot that has traveled into a blood vessel and suddenly caused occlusion
embolectomy
coronary artery bypass grafting (to relieve schemia)
CABG
surgical puncture to remove fluid from the pericardial space
pericardiocentisis
insertion of a balloon-tipped catheter and stents into a coronary artery
PCI percutaneous coronary intervention
removal of the inner lining of an artery to make it wider
endarterectomy
suture (repair) of a ballooned out portion of an artery
aneurysmorraphagy
removal of plaque from an artery
atherectomy
type of acute coronary syndrome
STEMI ST segment elevation myocardial infarction
use of streptokinase and tPA to dissolve clots
thrombolytic therapy
brief delivery of radiofrequency energy to destroy areas of heart tissue for treating arrhythmias
catheter ablation
measures a peptide elevated in patients with heart failure
BNP test brain natriuretic peptide
