CH 10 Pathology Flashcards
hydrocephaly
abnormal accumulation of fluid CSF in the brain
spina bifida
congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)
spina bifida occulta
the vertebral defect is covered over with skin and evident only on an xray or other imaging
spina bifida cystica
more severe with cyst-like protrusions
meningocele
the meninges protrude to the outside of the body
myelomeningocele (meningomyelocele)
both the spinal cord and meninges protrude
Alzheimers disease (AD)
brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental and deterioration, dementia, personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. lou gerig disease.
epilepsy
chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity
tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal or ictal events)
loss of consciousness, falling down, and then tonic contractions, stiffening, and then clonic contractions such as twitching and jerking, usually preceeded by an aura
absense seizure
consists of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of the person’s surroundings, thes einclude petit mal seizures in children
postictal events
neurological symptoms that persist after a seizure, such as weakness
temporal lobe epilepsy
seizures begin in the temporal lobe, most common is the complex partial seizure which causes a person to pause and become confused and forgetful
huntingtons disease
hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration. dance-like movements; also called huntington chorea
multiple sclerosis (MS)
destruction of myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue
demyelination
loss of myelin insulation along nerves in MS
myasthenia gravis (MG)
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles. chronic autoimmune disorder. drugs and thymectomy are useful treatments.
palsy
paralysis- partial or complete loss of motor function.
cerebral palsy
partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period
bell palsy
paralysis on one side of the face. likely from viral infection, treated with antivirals and corticosteroids
parkinsons disease
degeneration of the neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring later in life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement (bradykinesia). caused by a lack of dopamine. treatment is palliative, meaning it treats symptoms but does not cure.
tourette syndrome
involuntary spasmodic twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; inappropriate words and actions. these actions are called tics. cause unknown.
herpes zoster (shingles)
viral infection affecting the peripheral nerves. blisters and pain along the peripheral nerves, the varicella virus which also causes chicken pox. there is a vaccine for people over 50.
meningitis
inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis. caused by bacteria (pyogenic meningitis) or virus (aseptic meningitis). meningeal irritation such as headache, photophobia (sensitivity to light), stiff neck.