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MBC > CH 10 Pathology > Flashcards

CH 10 Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

hydrocephaly

A

abnormal accumulation of fluid CSF in the brain

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2
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital defects in the lumbar spinal column caused by imperfect union of vertebral parts (neural tube defect)

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3
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

the vertebral defect is covered over with skin and evident only on an xray or other imaging

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4
Q

spina bifida cystica

A

more severe with cyst-like protrusions

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5
Q

meningocele

A

the meninges protrude to the outside of the body

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6
Q

myelomeningocele (meningomyelocele)

A

both the spinal cord and meninges protrude

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7
Q

Alzheimers disease (AD)

A

brain disorder marked by gradual and progressive mental and deterioration, dementia, personality changes, and impairment of daily functioning

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8
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

degenerative disorder of motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem. lou gerig disease.

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9
Q

epilepsy

A

chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizure activity

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10
Q

tonic-clonic seizures (grand mal or ictal events)

A

loss of consciousness, falling down, and then tonic contractions, stiffening, and then clonic contractions such as twitching and jerking, usually preceeded by an aura

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11
Q

absense seizure

A

consists of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness of the person’s surroundings, thes einclude petit mal seizures in children

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12
Q

postictal events

A

neurological symptoms that persist after a seizure, such as weakness

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13
Q

temporal lobe epilepsy

A

seizures begin in the temporal lobe, most common is the complex partial seizure which causes a person to pause and become confused and forgetful

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14
Q

huntingtons disease

A

hereditary disorder marked by degenerative changes in the cerebrum leading to abrupt involuntary movements and mental deterioration. dance-like movements; also called huntington chorea

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15
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

destruction of myelin sheath on neurons in the CNS and its replacement by plaques of sclerotic (hard) tissue

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16
Q

demyelination

A

loss of myelin insulation along nerves in MS

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17
Q

myasthenia gravis (MG)

A

autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by weakness of voluntary muscles. chronic autoimmune disorder. drugs and thymectomy are useful treatments.

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18
Q

palsy

A

paralysis- partial or complete loss of motor function.

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19
Q

cerebral palsy

A

partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by loss of oxygen (hypoxia) or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or in the perinatal period

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20
Q

bell palsy

A

paralysis on one side of the face. likely from viral infection, treated with antivirals and corticosteroids

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21
Q

parkinsons disease

A

degeneration of the neurons in the basal ganglia, occurring later in life and leading to tremors, weakness of muscles, and slowness of movement (bradykinesia). caused by a lack of dopamine. treatment is palliative, meaning it treats symptoms but does not cure.

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22
Q

tourette syndrome

A

involuntary spasmodic twitching movements; uncontrollable vocal sounds; inappropriate words and actions. these actions are called tics. cause unknown.

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23
Q

herpes zoster (shingles)

A

viral infection affecting the peripheral nerves. blisters and pain along the peripheral nerves, the varicella virus which also causes chicken pox. there is a vaccine for people over 50.

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24
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges; leptomeningitis. caused by bacteria (pyogenic meningitis) or virus (aseptic meningitis). meningeal irritation such as headache, photophobia (sensitivity to light), stiff neck.

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25
Q

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy

A

brain disease and dementia occurring with AIDS. some also develop brain tumors and other infections.

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26
Q

neoplastic

A

relating to a neoplasm or neoplasia.

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27
Q

brain tumor

A

abnormal growth of brain tissue and meninges, most arise from glial cells (gliomas) or meninges (meningiomas). can be an astrocytoma, oligodendroglioma, and ependymoma. most malignant form of astrocytes and are glioblastoma multiforme. these tumors cause swelling, headache, seizures and visual. chemo and radiotherapy. most start elsewhere and travel to brain.

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28
Q

cerebral contusion

A

type of traumatic brain injury caused by a blow to the head. may be no sign or symptoms. rest is needed for the brain to heal.

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29
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of the brain tissue resulting from direct traumato the head. may have edema, interacranial pressure, skull fracture and also hematomas can occur causing permanent brain damage.

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30
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

disruption in the normal blood supply to the brain; stroke. also known as cerebral infarction. impaired oxygen supply to the brain.

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31
Q

thrombotic stroke

A

blood clot; thrombus in the arteries leading to the brain resulting in blocking/occlusion. plaque build-up in veins. may experience TIA’s (transient ischemic attacks) as a precursor.

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32
Q

embolic stroke

A

an embolus, which is a dislodged thrombus, travels to cerebral arteries and occludes a vessel. is very sudden.

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33
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

a cerebral artery breaks and bleeding occurs. can be fatal.

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34
Q

aneurysm

A

enlarged, weakened area in an arterial wall which may rupture leading to hemorrhage and CVA stroke

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35
Q

stroke risks

A

hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and heart disease, obesity, substance abuse and cholesterol levels, and in the case of aneurysm in younger people head trauma.

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36
Q

tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)

A

may be started after a stroke

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37
Q

migraine

A

severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache. may be associated with an aura and photophobia and visual and sensory disturbances. sensitivity to sound (phonophobia). etiology unknown. medication may help reduce inflammation and restrict dilation of blood vessels.

38
Q

absence seizure

A

form of seizure consisting of momentary clouding of consciousness and loss of awareness and surroundings

39
Q

astrocytoma

A

malignant brain tumor of astrocytes (glial brain cells)

40
Q

aura

A

peculiar symptom or sensation occurring before the onset (prodromal; period between the appearance of symptoms and the onset) of an attack of migraine or an epileptic seizure

41
Q

dementia

A

mental decline and deterioration

42
Q

demyelination

A

destruction of myelin on axons of neurons as in MS

43
Q

dopamine

A

CNS neurotransmitter, deficient in people with parkinsons

44
Q

embolus

A

clot of material that travels through the bloodstream and suddenly blocks a vessel

45
Q

gait

A

manner of walking

46
Q

ictal event

A

pertaining to a sudden, acute onset, as with the convulsions of an epileptic seizure

47
Q

occlusion

48
Q

palliative

A

relieving symptoms but not curing them

49
Q

thymectomy

A

removal of the thymus gland (a lymphocyte producing gland in the chest) used as treatment for myasthenia gravis

50
Q

TIA

A

transient ischemic attack, can occur with all 3 types of strokes; thrombolytic, embolic, and hemorrhagic. they are characterized by a limited time course of neurological deficits.

51
Q

tic

A

involuntary movement of a small group of muscles, as of the face; characteristic of tourettes syndrome

52
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

major (grand mal) convulsive seizure marked by a sudden loss of consciousness, stiffening of muscles, and twitching and jerking movements

53
Q

cerebrospinal fluid analysis

A

samples of CFS are examined- analyisis measures protein, glucose, RBC and WBC, and other chemicals. can also detect tumors, bacteria and viruses. used to diagnose infections, tumors, and MS.

54
Q

cerebral angiography

A

xray imaging of the arterial blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast material. contrast is injected into the femoral artery in the thigh and recorded by xray. diagnoses vascular disease in the brain such as aneurysm, occusion, and hemorrhage.

55
Q

CT (computed tomography of the brain)

A

computerized xray technique that generates multiple images of the brain and spinal cord. contrast used to highlight abnormalities. contrast leaks through the BBB. operations are performed using CT as a road map and are useful for visualizing blood and bone.

56
Q

MRI magnetic resonance imaging

A

magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy create images of the brain and spinal cord. MRI is better at CT at evaluating brain parenchyma. excellent for reviewing brain damage, looks for causes for headaches, stroke, detect bleeding and head injury.

57
Q

MRA magnetic resonance angiography

A

produces images of blood vessels using MRI and contrast

58
Q

positron emission tomography PET scan

A

(radionuclide study) radioactive glucose is injected and then detected in the brain to image the metabolic activity of cells. PET-CT scanners provide images that pinpoint the location of abnormal activity within the brain.

59
Q

Doppler ultrasound studies

A

sound waves detect blood flow in the carotid and intracranial arteries. these studies detect occlusion in blood vessels.

60
Q

EEG electroencephalography

A

recording of the electrical activity in the brain

61
Q

LP lumbar puncture

A

CSF is withdrawn from between two lumbar vertebrea for analysis. spinal tap. may cause headache after. needle is inserted between the third and fourth or fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae with patient laying down and bent forward to increase the space between discs.

62
Q

stereostatic radiosurgery

A

use of a specialized instrument to locate and treat targets in the brain. instrument is fixed onto the skull and guides insertion of a needle by 3-d measurement. a gamma knife, a high energy radiation beam, is used to treat deep intracranial brain tumors and blood vessel masses (arteriovenous malformations) without surgical incision.

63
Q

proton stereotactic radiosurgery PSRS

A

delivers a uniform dose of proton radiation to a target and spares surrounding normal tissue. proton beam radiosurgery.

64
Q

AD

A

ALZHEIMERS DISEASE

65
Q

AFP

A

ALPHA-FETOPROTEIN; ELEVATED LEVELS IN AMNIOTIC FLUID AND MATERNAL BLOOD ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM, SUCH AS ANENCHEPHALY AND SPINA BIFIDA

66
Q

ALS

A

AMYOTROPIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS- LOU GHERIG DISEASE

67
Q

AVM

A

ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION; CONGENITAL TANGLE OF ARTERIES AND VEINS IN THE CEREBRUM

68
Q

BBB

A

BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER

69
Q

CNS

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

70
Q

CSF

A

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID

71
Q

CTE

A

CHRONIC TRAUMATIC ENCEPHALOPATHY

72
Q

CVA

A

CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENT- STROKE

73
Q

EEG

A

ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY

74
Q

GABA

A

GAMMA-AMINOBUTYRIC ACID (NEUROTRANSMITTER)

75
Q

ICP

A

INTRACRANIAL PRESSURE (NORMAL IS 5 TO 15MM HG)

76
Q

LP

A

LUMBAR PUNCTURE

77
Q

MAC

A

MONITORED ANESTHETIC CARE

78
Q

MG

A

MYASTHENIA GRAVIS

79
Q

MRA

A

MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY

80
Q

MRI

A

MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING

81
Q

MS

A

MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS

82
Q

1/2P

A

HEMIPARESIS

83
Q

PCA

A

PATIENT CONTROLLED ANALGESIA

84
Q

PET

A

POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY

85
Q

PNS

A

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

86
Q

PSRS

A

PROTON STEREOTACTIC RADIOSURGERY

87
Q

Sz

88
Q

TBI

A

TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY

89
Q

TENS

A

TRANSCUTANEOUS ELECTRICAL NERVE STIMULATION; TECHNIQUE USING A BATTERY-POWERED DEVICE TO RELIEVE ACUTE AND CHRONIC PAIN

90
Q

TIA

A

TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK; TEMPORARY INTERFERENCE WITH THE BLOOD SUPPLY TO THE BRAIN

91
Q

TLE

A

TEMPORAL LOBE EPILEPSY

92
Q

tPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator; a clot-dissolving drug used as therapy for stroke

MBC (38 decks)

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