CH 15 PATHOLOGY Flashcards by Lainey ZeE

rare malignant tumor arising in bone; most often occurring in children

ewing sarcoma

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bony growth arising from the surface of the bone - benign

exostosis

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benign exostoses comprised of cartilage and bone usually found on metaphyses of long bones near the epiphyseal plates

osteochondromas

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a swelling of metatarsophalangeal joint near the base of the big toe and is accompanied by the buildup of soft tissue and underlying bone at the distal medial aspect of the first metatarsal

bunion

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traumatic breaking of bone

fracture

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bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin

simple/closed fracture

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bone is broken and protrudes through an open wound in the skin

compound/open fracture

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crackling sound produced when ends of bones rub each other or rub against roughened cartilage

crepitus

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restoration of the bone to its normal position

reduction

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manipulative reduction without a surgical incision

closed reduction

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an incision is made for access to the fracture site

open reduction

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solid mold of the body part, immobilizes injured bone so it can heal

cast

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open reduction internal fixation

ORIF- often involves insertion of metal plates, screws, rods, and pins to stabilize the bone

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malignant tumor arising from osteoblasts, found primarily in children and adolescents

osteogenic sarcoma (osteosarcoma)

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malignant tumors from other parts of the body that metastasize to bones

metastatic bone lesions

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softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral calcium in the bone

osteomalacia

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osteomalacia as a disease in infancy and childhood, uncommon

rickets

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inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection

osteomyelitis

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walled-off area of infection that is difficult to penetrate with antibiotics

abcess

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decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of the bone

osteoporosis

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a condition in which bone mineral density is lower than normal

osteopenia

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loss of bone mass due to osteoporosis produces posterior curvature of the spine in the thoracic region

khyphosis

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congenital abnormality of the hindfoot involving the talus

talipes, congenital anomaly clubfoot

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inflammation of any joint

arthritis

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chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine

ankylosing spondylitis

inflammation and painful swelling in and around joints caused by the deposition of uric acid crystals

gouty arthritis / gout aka podagra

too much uric acid accumulates in the blood

hyperuricemia

progressive, degenerative joint disease with loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes or bone spurs) at articular surfaces

osteoarthritis, or degenerative joint disease

chronic joint condition with inflammation and pain; caused by an autoimmune reaction against joint tissue, particularly the synovial membrane

rheumatoid arthritis

fibrous tissue forms and calcifies creating a pathologic union at the joint and preventing movement

bony ankylosis

enlargement of bone or tissue around the joint at the base of the big toe (metatarsophalangeal joint)

bunion

hallux valgus

great toe- another name for bunion

bunionectomy

removal of a bunion

compression of the median nerve as it passes between the transverse ligament, and bones and tendons of the wrist

carpal tunnel syndrome

displacement of a bone from its joint

dislocation, shoulder and hip are common

restoration of the bones to their normal position

reduction

a partial or incomplete dislocation

subluxation

fluid filled sac arising from joint capsules or tendons

ganglion cyst

abnormal protrusion of an intervertebral disc into the spinal canal or spinal nerves

herniation of an intervertebral disc- slipped disc

pain radiating down the leg and lower back pain when a disc protrudes into the lumber region

sciatica

removal of a portion of a protruding disc if it keeps slipping

microdiscectomy

chronic, recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia and malaise; cause is a bacterium carried by a tick

Lyme disease / Lyme arthritis

injury, often the result of trauma, involving overstretching of the ligaments around a joint

sprain- dont confuse with a strain

injury involving the overstretching of a muscle

strain

chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, central nervous system, heart and lungs

systemic lupus erythematosus

connective tissue in tendons, ligaments, bones, and cartilage, specific protein

collagen

group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system

muscular dystrophy

muscles appear to enlarge

pseudohypertrophy

most common form of muscular dystrophy

duchenne muscular dystrophy

chronic inflammatory myopathy, symmetric muscle weakness and pain often with rash - autoimmune disorder

polymyositis

detects an antibody often present in serum of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus SLE and other autoimmune diseases

antinuclear antibody test ANA

measures time it takes for erythrocytes to settle to the bottom of a test tube

erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR

serum is tested for the presence of an antibody found in many patients with rheumatoid arthritis

rheumatoid factor test RF

measurement of calcium level in serum

serum calcium Ca

measurement of the enzyme creatine kinase in serum

serum creatine kinase CK

measurement of uric acid in serum

uric acid test

surgical puncture to remove fluid from a joint space

arthrocentisis

taking x-ray images after injection of contrast material into a joint

arthrography

surgical repair or replacement of a joint

arthroplasty

THR

total hip replacement

TKR

total knee replacement

small portion of bone removed to repair joint

resection arthroplasty

new tissue is placed between damaged surface of a joint such as elbow

interposition arthroplasty

an operation to replace a failing prosthetic joint

revision arthroplasty

visual examination of a joint with an arrthroscope which projects an image on a video monitor

arthroscopy

low energy xray absorption in bones of the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist is used to measure bone mass, also called dual energy xray absorptiometry

bone density test (bone densitometry) DEXA or DXA

uptake of a radioactive substance is measured in bone

bone scan

xray beam and computer show cross-sectional and other images of body tissues

computed tomography CT

xray examination of cervical or lumbar intervertebral disc after injection of contrast into nucleus pulposus (interior of the disc)

discography

recording of the electrical activity of muscle tissue

electromyography EMG

strong magnetic field and advanced computing technology are used to create high-resolution images of soft tissues inside the body

magnetic resonance imaging MRI