CH 10 NEURO REVIEW Flashcards
microscopic fiber leading from the cell body that carries the nervous impulse along a nerve cell
axon
large, interlacing network of nerves
plexus
three protective membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord
meninges
microscopic branching fiber of a nerve cell that is the first part to receive the nervous impulse
dendrite
outer region of the largest part of the brain; composed of gray matter
cerebral cortex
glial cell that transports water and salts between capillaries and nerve cells
ASTROCYTE
glial cells that produce myelin
oligodendroglial cell
a nerve cell that transmits a nerve impulse
neuron
collection of spinal nerves below the end of the spinal cord at the level of the second lumbar vertebae
cauda equina
fatty tissue that surrounds axons of a nerve cell
myelin sheath
dura mater
outermost layer of the meninges
central nervous system CNS
brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
nerves outside of the brain and spinal cord
arachnoid membrane
middle layer of the meninges- spider-like-around brain and spinal cord
hypothalamus
beneath the thalamus; regulates sleep, appetite, temp and pituitary
synapse
space that nerve impulse travels between cells, nerve, muscle and glands
sympathetic nerves
autonomic nerves that influence body during stress
medulla oblongata
controls breathing, heartbeat, blood vessels- nerves cross here
pons
a bridge connecting various parts of the brain
cerebellum
coordinates muscle movements and balance- posterior part of the brain
thalamus
main relay center; optic nerve fibers pass through here to the cerebral cortex
ventricles of the brain
canals that hold CSF and also cushion the brain
brainstem
connects cerebrum and spinal cord- posterior portion of the brain
cerebrum
responsiblee for voluntary muscular activity; largest part of the brain
ganglion
nerve cells in peripheral nervous system
innermost meningeal membrane
pia mater
carry messages away from (efferent) the brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
motor nerves
grooves in the cerebral cortex
sulci
contains CSF
subarachnoid space
elevations in the cerebral cortex
gyri
chemical that is released at the end of a nerve cell that stimulates or inhibits another cell ex; acetylcholine
neurotransmitter
essential cell of the nervous system; a neuron
parenchymal cell
connective and supportive stromal tissue
glial
disease of the brain
encephalopathy
part of the brain that controls muscular coordination and balance
cerebellum
collection of blood above the dura mater
epidural hematoma
inflammation of the pia and arachnoid membranes
leptomeningitis
condition of absence of a brain
anencephaly
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord
poliomyelitis
pertaining to the membranes around the brain and spinal cord
meningeal
disease of nerve roots (of spinal nerves)
radiculopathy
hernia of the spinal cord and meninges
myelomeningocele/meningomyelocele
pertaining to the tenth cranial nerve (cranial nerve X)
vagal
cerebral cortex
outer region of the cerebrum
intrathecal
pertaining to within a sheath through the meninges and into the subarachnoid space
polyneuritis
inflammation of many nerves
thalamic
pertaining to the thalamus
myelopathy
disease of the spinal cord
meningioma
mass of the meninges usually benign tumor
glioma
tumor of the neuroglial cells - brain tumor
subdural hematoma
below the dura mater; collection of blood or a mass
reading disorder
dyslexia
condition of decreased coordination
ataxia
condition of slow movement
bradykinesia
condition of increased sensation
hyperesthesia
seizure of sleep; uncontrollable compulsion to sleep
narcolepsy
difficulty with speech
aphasia
inability to perform a task
motor apraxia
weakness in the right or left half of the body
hemiparesis
severe burning pain due to nerve injury
causalgia
paralysis in the lower part of the body
paraplegia
fainting
syncope
nervous exhaustion, lack of strength and fatigue
neurasthenia
analgesia
lack of sensitivity to pain
motor aphasia
difficulty in speaking - understands but cannot speak
paresis
weakness and partial loss of movement
quadriplegic
paralysis of the 4 major extremities/ neck down
asthenia
lack of strength- weakness
pertaining to coma (loss of consciousness)
comatose
condition of abnormal sensations
paresthesia
excessive movement
hyperkinesia
condition of no sensation or nervous feelings
anestthenia
severe burning pain from injury to nerves
causalgia
pertaining to without movement
akinetic
diminished sensation to pain
hypalgesia
impairment of the ability to perform voluntary movements
dyskinesia
recurrent vascular headache with severe pain and unilateral onset and photophobia and phonophobia
migraine
destruction of myelin sheath (demyelination) and its replacement by hard plaques
multiple sclerosis
sudden, transient disturbances of brain function cause seizures
epilepsy
the spinal column is imperfectly joined (a split in the vertebrae occurs) and part of the meninges and spinal cord can herniate out of the spinal cavity
myelomeningocele
atrophy of muscles and paralysis caused by damage to motor neurons in the spinal cord and brainstem
ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
patient displays bizarre, abrupt, involuntary dance-like movements as well as decline in mental functions
huntington disease
cerebrospinal fluid accumulates in the head in the ventricles of the brain
hydrocephalus
loss of muscle strength due to the inability of a neurotransmitter (acetylcholine) to transmit impulses from nerve cells to muscle cells
myasthenia gravis
degeneration of nerves in the basal ganglia occurring later in life leading to tremors, shuffling gait, and muscle stiffness; dopamine (neurotransmitter) is deficient in the brain
parkinsons disease
deterioration of mental capacity (dementia); autopsy shows cerebral cortex atrophy, widening of cerebral sulci, and microscopic neurofibrillary tangles
alzheimers disease
unilateral facial paralysis
bells palsy
tumor of neuroglial brain cells (astrocytes)
astrocytoma
inflammation of the meninges, bacterial infection with pus
pyogenic meningitis
involuntary spasmodic twitching movements, uncontrollable sounds and verbal noises
tourettes syndrome
bruising of brain tissue as a result of direct trauma to the head
cerebral contusion
disruption of normal blood flow; stroke or infarction
cerebrovascular accident
TBI caused by a blow to the head
cerebral concussion
neurological condition caused by infection with the herpes zoster virus
herpes zoster
blockage of blood vessels in the cerebrum from outside
cerebral embolus
blockage of blood vessel from inside the cerebrum
cerebral thrombosis
collection of blood in the brain/can cause a stroke/sudden
cerebral hemorrhage
widening of a blood vessel in the cerebrum/ can burst
cerebral aneurysm
brain disease- dementia and encephalopathy caused by AIDS
HIV encephalopathy
relieving symptoms but not curing
palliative
virus that causes chicken pox and shingles
herpes zoster
uncoordinated gait
ataxia
neurotransmitter
dopamine
peculiar sensation experienced by patient before onset of seizure
aura
malignant brain tumor of immature glial cells
glioblastoma multiforme
major epileptic seizure; ictal event
tonic-clonic seizure
blood flow to the brain stops for a brief period of time
transient ischemic attack
minor epileptic seizure
absence seizure
blockage
occlusion
use of magnetic waves to create an image of the brain in a transverse, frontal and sagittal view
MRI of the brain
an instrument is fixed onto the skull and locates a target by three-dimensional measurement; gamma radiation or proton beams are used to treat deep brain lesions
stereotactic radiosurgery with gamma knife
lack of nerve strength
NEURASTHENIA
inability to speak
aphasia
inability to perform purposeful actions
apraxia
condition of insensitivity of pain
analgesia
condition of loss of sensation
anesthesia
sensations of tingling, numbness, or pins and needles
paresthesia
lack of coordination
ataxia
excessive movement
hyperkinesia
abnormal, involuntary, spasmodic movements
dyskinesia
developmental reading disorder
dyslexia
partial paralysis
paresis
gradually progressive dementia
AD ALZHEIMERS DISEASE
stroke/ embolus/ hemorrhage/ thrombosis/ are etiologic factors
CVA cerebrovascular accident
intrathecal medications can be administered through this procedure
LP lumbar puncture
this fluid is analyzed for abnormal blood cells, chemicals and proteins
CSF cerebrospinal fluid
procedure to diagnose abnormal electrical activity in the brain
EEG electroencephalography
neurological symptoms and/or signs due to temporary interference of blood supply to the brain
TIA transient ischemic attack
high levels in amniotic fluid and maternal blood are associated with spina bifida
AFP alpha-feto protein
diagnostic procedure that allows excellent visualization of soft tissue in the brain
MRI magnetic resonance imaging
radioactive materials, such as glucose, are taken up by the brain, and images recorded
PET positron emission tomography
destruction of the myelin sheath in the CNS occurs with plaques of hard scar tissue
MS multiple sclerosis
part of the brain that controls sleep, appetite, temperature, and secretions of the pituitary gland
hypothalamus
pertaining to fainting
syncopal
abnormal tingling sensation
paresthesias
inflammation of the spinal nerve root
radiculitis
inability to speak correctly
aphasia
movements and behavior that are not purposeful
apraxia
developmental reading disorder
dyslexia
excessive movement
hyperkinesia
paralysis in one half of the body, right or left
hemiplegia
paralysis in the lower half of the body
paraplegia
paralysis of all 4 major limbs
quadriplegia
nervous exhaustion and fatigue
neurasthenia
