CH 15 JOINTS/MUSCKO DEFINITIONS Flashcards
soft white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together at a joint
articular cartilage
any type of joint
articulation
sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another
bursa
bursae
plural, bursa
fibrous, connective bands binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint
ligament
crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure, which helps provide cushion for a joint, such as the knee
meniscus
immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull
suture joint
space between bones at a synovial joint, contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane
synovial cavity
viscous sticky fluid within the synovial cavity, similar to egg white; syn=like, ovo=egg
synovial fluid
a freely moveable joint
synovial joint
tissue lining the synovial cavity; produces synovial fluid
synovial membrane
fibrous, connective tissue binding muscles to bones
tendon
fusion of a joint due to disease, surgery or injury
ankylosis
surgical repair of a joint- replacement of one or both bone ends by a prosthesis (artificial part) of metal or plastic
arthroplasty
incision of a joint
arthrotomy
condition of blood in a joint
hemarthrosis
water or fluid in a joint
hydrarthrosis- synovial fluid collects abnormally in a joint
INFLAMMATION OF MANY JOINTS
polyarthritis
tissue that covers ends of bones
articular cartilage
inflammation of bursa- -a periarticular condition may be related to stress placed on the bursa or to diseases such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis. the bursa becomes inflamed and movement is limited and painful. intrabursal injection of corticosteroids and also rest and splinting of the limb are helpful treatment.
bursitis
an inherited condition in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size because of a defect in cartilage and bone formation, results in dwarfism
achondroplasia
cancerous tumor of the cartilage
chondrosarcoma
softening of the cartilage
chondromalacia
softening and roughening of the articular cartilaginous surface of the kneecap, resulting in pain, grating sensation, and mechanical catching behind the patella with joint movement
chondromalacia patellae
pertaining to ligaments
ligamentous
joint stiffening or immobilization
ankylosis
increased alkalinity (pH) of blood and tissues
alkalinity
various forms of arthritis are marked by collection of fluid in joint spaces
specialist for joint disorders
rheumatologist
inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the joint
synovitis
suture of a tendon
tenorraphy
inflammation of a tendon or its sheath
tenosynovitis
abnormal tendon condition
tendinosis
surgical fusion of a joint- bones are fused across the joint space by surgery (artificial ankylosis). this operation is performed when a joint is very painful, unstable, or chronically infected
arthrodesis
narrowing of the spinal/neural canal in the lumbar spine. symptoms come from compression of the cauda equina
spinal stenosis
decreasing the angle between two bones; bending a limb
flexion
increasing the angle between two bones; straightening out a limb
extension
movement away from the midline of the body
abduction
movement toward the midline of the body
adduction
circular movement around the axis (central point). internal rotation is toward the center of the body and external rotation is away from the center of the body.
rotation
decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward, toward the knee or cieling. this is the opposite movement of stepping on the gas pedal.
dorsiflexion
motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on the gas pedal
plantar flexion
as applied to the hand and forearm, where the elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm up. as applied to the foot, it is outward roll of the ankle during normal motion.
supination
as applied to the hand and forearm, where the elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm down. as applied to the foot, it is inward roll of the foot during normal motion
pronation
abduction
movement away from the midline of the body
adduction
movement towards the midline of the body
dorsiflexion
upward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion
extension
straightening of a flexed limb; increasing the angle between the bones of a joint
fibrous membrane separating and enveloping the muscles
fascia
bending a limb; decreasing the angle between the bones
flexion
connection of a muscle to a bone that moves; usually distal on the skeleton
insertion of a muscle
connection of the muscle to a stationary bone; usually proximal on the skeleton
origin of a muscle
downward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion
plantar flexion
turning the palm downward
pronation
circular movement around a central point, internal rotation is toward the center of the body, external rotation is away from the center of the body
rotation
muscle connected to bones; voluntary or skeletal
striated muscle
turning the palm upward
supination
muscle connected to internal organs, involuntary or smooth muscle
visceral muscle
cutting into fascia to relieve tension or pressure on a muscle
fasciotomy
fiber and muscle pain, chronic pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and fibrous tissue, especially the back, shoulders, neck, hips and knees. fatigue. cause is not well known.
fibromyalgia
benign tumor of smooth muscle
leiomyoma
malignant tumor of smooth muscle
leiomyosarcoma
compression of muscle, blood vessels and nerves inside of a closed space
compartment syndrome
muscle pain
myalgia
electromyography
recording of the electrical activity of muscle tissue
muscle disease
myopathy
pertaining to the heart muscle
myocardial
inflammation of the muscles
myositis
tumor of striated muscle
rhabdomyoma
cancer of straited muscle
rhabdomyosarcoma
breakdown of muscle
rhabdomyolysis
loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging. exercise and strength training can help preserve and enhance muscle mass
sarcopenia
muscles lose strength because of a failure in transmission of the nervous impulse from the nerve to the muscle cell
myasthenia gravis
decrease in size of an organ or tissue
atrophy
increase in size of an organ or tissue
hypertrophy
progressive muscular paralyses
amyotrophic
muscles deteriorate, paralysis occurs, as a result of degeneration of nerves in the spinal cord and lower region of the brain
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (lou gherig disease)
many muscle pain
polymyalgia
autoimmune disorder marked by aching and morning stiffness in the shoulder, hip, or neck for longer than 1 month
polymyalgia rheumatica
