CH 15 JOINTS/MUSCKO DEFINITIONS Flashcards by Lainey ZeE

soft white tissue that covers the ends of bones where they come together at a joint

articular cartilage

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any type of joint

articulation

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sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another

bursa

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bursae

plural, bursa

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fibrous, connective bands binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint

ligament

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crescent-shaped fibrocartilaginous structure, which helps provide cushion for a joint, such as the knee

meniscus

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immovable joint, such as between the bones of the skull

suture joint

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space between bones at a synovial joint, contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane

synovial cavity

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viscous sticky fluid within the synovial cavity, similar to egg white; syn=like, ovo=egg

synovial fluid

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a freely moveable joint

synovial joint

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tissue lining the synovial cavity; produces synovial fluid

synovial membrane

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fibrous, connective tissue binding muscles to bones

tendon

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fusion of a joint due to disease, surgery or injury

ankylosis

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surgical repair of a joint- replacement of one or both bone ends by a prosthesis (artificial part) of metal or plastic

arthroplasty

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incision of a joint

arthrotomy

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condition of blood in a joint

hemarthrosis

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water or fluid in a joint

hydrarthrosis- synovial fluid collects abnormally in a joint

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INFLAMMATION OF MANY JOINTS

polyarthritis

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tissue that covers ends of bones

articular cartilage

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inflammation of bursa- -a periarticular condition may be related to stress placed on the bursa or to diseases such as gout or rheumatoid arthritis. the bursa becomes inflamed and movement is limited and painful. intrabursal injection of corticosteroids and also rest and splinting of the limb are helpful treatment.

bursitis

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an inherited condition in which the bones of the arms and legs fail to grow to normal size because of a defect in cartilage and bone formation, results in dwarfism

achondroplasia

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cancerous tumor of the cartilage

chondrosarcoma

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softening of the cartilage

chondromalacia

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softening and roughening of the articular cartilaginous surface of the kneecap, resulting in pain, grating sensation, and mechanical catching behind the patella with joint movement

chondromalacia patellae

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pertaining to ligaments

ligamentous

joint stiffening or immobilization

ankylosis

increased alkalinity (pH) of blood and tissues

alkalinity

various forms of arthritis are marked by collection of fluid in joint spaces

specialist for joint disorders

rheumatologist

inflammation of the synovial membrane lining the joint

synovitis

suture of a tendon

tenorraphy

inflammation of a tendon or its sheath

tenosynovitis

abnormal tendon condition

tendinosis

surgical fusion of a joint- bones are fused across the joint space by surgery (artificial ankylosis). this operation is performed when a joint is very painful, unstable, or chronically infected

arthrodesis

narrowing of the spinal/neural canal in the lumbar spine. symptoms come from compression of the cauda equina

spinal stenosis

decreasing the angle between two bones; bending a limb

flexion

increasing the angle between two bones; straightening out a limb

extension

movement away from the midline of the body

abduction

movement toward the midline of the body

adduction

circular movement around the axis (central point). internal rotation is toward the center of the body and external rotation is away from the center of the body.

rotation

decreasing the angle of the ankle joint so that the foot moves upward, toward the knee or cieling. this is the opposite movement of stepping on the gas pedal.

dorsiflexion

motion that moves the foot downward toward the ground as when pointing the toes or stepping on the gas pedal

plantar flexion

as applied to the hand and forearm, where the elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm up. as applied to the foot, it is outward roll of the ankle during normal motion.

supination

as applied to the hand and forearm, where the elbow is bent, the act of turning the palm down. as applied to the foot, it is inward roll of the foot during normal motion

pronation

abduction

movement away from the midline of the body

adduction

movement towards the midline of the body

dorsiflexion

upward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion

extension

straightening of a flexed limb; increasing the angle between the bones of a joint

fibrous membrane separating and enveloping the muscles

fascia

bending a limb; decreasing the angle between the bones

flexion

connection of a muscle to a bone that moves; usually distal on the skeleton

insertion of a muscle

connection of the muscle to a stationary bone; usually proximal on the skeleton

origin of a muscle

downward movement of the foot; achieved through ankle motion

plantar flexion

turning the palm downward

pronation

circular movement around a central point, internal rotation is toward the center of the body, external rotation is away from the center of the body

rotation

muscle connected to bones; voluntary or skeletal

striated muscle

turning the palm upward

supination

muscle connected to internal organs, involuntary or smooth muscle

visceral muscle

cutting into fascia to relieve tension or pressure on a muscle

fasciotomy

fiber and muscle pain, chronic pain and stiffness in muscles, joints, and fibrous tissue, especially the back, shoulders, neck, hips and knees. fatigue. cause is not well known.

fibromyalgia

benign tumor of smooth muscle

leiomyoma

malignant tumor of smooth muscle

leiomyosarcoma

compression of muscle, blood vessels and nerves inside of a closed space

compartment syndrome

muscle pain

myalgia

electromyography

recording of the electrical activity of muscle tissue

muscle disease

myopathy

pertaining to the heart muscle

myocardial

inflammation of the muscles

myositis

tumor of striated muscle

rhabdomyoma

cancer of straited muscle

rhabdomyosarcoma

breakdown of muscle

rhabdomyolysis

loss of muscle mass and strength associated with aging. exercise and strength training can help preserve and enhance muscle mass

sarcopenia

muscles lose strength because of a failure in transmission of the nervous impulse from the nerve to the muscle cell

myasthenia gravis

decrease in size of an organ or tissue

atrophy

increase in size of an organ or tissue

hypertrophy

progressive muscular paralyses

amyotrophic

muscles deteriorate, paralysis occurs, as a result of degeneration of nerves in the spinal cord and lower region of the brain

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (lou gherig disease)

many muscle pain

polymyalgia

autoimmune disorder marked by aching and morning stiffness in the shoulder, hip, or neck for longer than 1 month

polymyalgia rheumatica