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BIOL > Ch 8-3 > Flashcards

Ch 8-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Calvin Cycle?

A

A light-independent process where CO₂ is reduced into sugars using ATP and NADPH from the light reactions.

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2
Q

Where does the Calvin Cycle occur?

A

In the stroma of the chloroplast.

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3
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the fixation of CO₂ to ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)?

A

Rubisco

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4
Q

What are the three phases of the Calvin Cycle?

A

Carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration.

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5
Q

What molecule is produced in the Calvin Cycle and used as a building block for glucose?

A

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P).

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6
Q

How many turns of the Calvin Cycle are required to produce one molecule of G3P?

A

Three turns.

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7
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

: A process where rubisco binds O₂ instead of CO₂, wasting energy and carbon

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8
Q

In what conditions does photorespiration occur?

A

When CO₂ levels are low, typically in hot and dry climates.

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9
Q

What is the alternative carbon fixation strategy used by C4 plants?

A

CO₂ is initially fixed into a 4-carbon compound with spatial separation of steps.

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10
Q

What is the alternative carbon fixation strategy used by CAM plants?

A

CO₂ is fixed at night, stored as an organic acid, and used during the day with temporal separation of steps.

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11
Q

Which organic molecule is essential in regenerating RuBP?

A

ATP

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12
Q

What is the net output of the Calvin Cycle for every three CO₂ molecules?

A

One G3P molecule.

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13
Q

What percentage of organic material from photosynthesis is used for cellular respiration in plants?

A

Approximately 50%.

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14
Q

What percentage of organic material from photosynthesis is used for cellular respiration in plants?

A

Approximately 50%.

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15
Q

Where is excess organic material from photosynthesis stored in plants?

A

As starch in seeds, tubers, and fruits.

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16
Q

How does photosynthesis contribute to Earth’s atmosphere?

A

A: It produces most of the oxygen in the atmosphere and fuels heterotrophs.

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17
Q

Which of the following is the initial reactant in the Calvin Cycle?
A) G3P
B) CO₂
C) ATP
D) NADPH

A

B) CO₂

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18
Q

What is the enzyme that fixes CO₂ in the Calvin Cycle?
A) Rubisco
B) ATP synthase
C) P700
D) Chlorophyll a

A

A) Rubisco

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19
Q

The Calvin Cycle requires how many turns to produce one G3P molecule?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Six

A

C) Three

20
Q

In the Calvin Cycle, ATP is primarily used in which phase?
A) Carbon fixation
B) Reduction
C) Regeneration
D) Light-dependent reactions

A

C) Regeneration

21
Q

Which molecule exits the Calvin Cycle to form glucose?
A) RuBP
B) ATP
C) G3P
D) NADPH

A

C) G3P

22
Q

What is photorespiration?
A) A process that generates glucose
B) Rubisco binding O₂ instead of CO₂
C) A process to increase CO₂ levels
D) Production of ATP in photosynthesis

A

B) Rubisco binding O₂ instead of CO₂

23
Q

Which of the following uses spatial separation to avoid photorespiration?
A) C3 plants
B) C4 plants
C) CAM plants
D) Algae

A

B) C4 plants

24
Q

What occurs in CAM plants to minimize water loss?
A) Stomata open during the day
B) CO₂ is fixed during the night
C) Excess CO₂ is released
D) Water is stored in leaves

A

B) CO₂ is fixed during the night

25
Q

Which phase of the Calvin Cycle involves the production of G3P?
A) Carbon fixation
B) Reduction
C) Regeneration
D) Light reactions

A

B) Reduction

26
Q

How many molecules of ATP are used per turn in the Calvin Cycle?
A) One
B) Two
C) Three
D) Six

A

C) Three

27
Q

Which product of photosynthesis is used by nearly all organisms?
A) Oxygen
B) NADPH
C) Glucose
D) Water

A

A) Oxygen

28
Q

Which molecule serves as the primary electron carrier in the Calvin Cycle?
A) ATP
B) NADP+
C) G3P
D) RuBP

A

B) NADP+

29
Q

Where are the enzymes of the Calvin Cycle located?
A) Thylakoid membrane
B) Mitochondria
C) Stroma
D) Cytoplasm

A

C) Stroma

30
Q

What is the fate of the G3P molecules not used for glucose synthesis?
A) Recycled into RuBP
B) Converted to NADPH
C) Used in light reactions
D) Released as oxygen

A

A) Recycled into RuBP

31
Q

What is the main product of the Calvin Cycle that serves as a precursor for glucose?
A) NADPH
B) ATP
C) G3P
D) CO₂

A

C) G3P

32
Q

True or False: The Calvin Cycle is also called the light-independent reactions.

A

T

33
Q

True or False: The Calvin Cycle occurs in the thylakoid membrane.

A

False (It occurs in the stroma.)

34
Q

True or False: Photorespiration produces no useful energy or carbohydrates.

A

T

35
Q

True or False: ATP and NADPH from the light reactions are used in the Calvin Cycle.

A

T

36
Q

True or False: G3P is the first stable product of carbon fixation in the Calvin Cycle.

A

False (3-phosphoglycerate is the first stable product.)

37
Q

True or False: Rubisco can bind both CO₂ and O₂.

A

T

38
Q

True or False: CAM plants close their stomata during the day to conserve water

A

T

39
Q

True or False: C4 plants separate carbon fixation and the Calvin Cycle spatially.

A

T

40
Q

True or False: Glucose is directly produced in the Calvin Cycle.

A

False (G3P is produced and later converted to glucose.)

41
Q

True or False: The Calvin Cycle requires three molecules of ATP for each turn.

A

T

42
Q

True or False: Only heterotrophs depend on the oxygen produced by photosynthesis.

A

False (Both autotrophs and heterotrophs use oxygen for respiration.)

43
Q

True or False: The Calvin Cycle regenerates RuBP at the end of each turn.

A

T

44
Q

True or False: The Calvin Cycle is an anabolic process.

A

T

45
Q

True or False: The Calvin Cycle can function without light if ATP and NADPH are present.

A

T

46
Q

True or False: Most of the organic material created in photosynthesis is stored as glucose.

A

False (It is stored as starch in plants.)

BIOL (22 decks)

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