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BIOL > Ch 11-3 > Flashcards

Ch 11-3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is pedigree analysis

A

A study of a particular trait(s) over generations.

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2
Q

What do vertical lines represent in a pedigree?

A

They connect one generation to the next

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3
Q

What do horizontal lines represent in a pedigree?

A

They connect related individuals or individuals who have crossed/reproduced.

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4
Q

What are recessively inherited disorders?

A

Disorders caused by recessive alleles that code for malfunctioning or absent proteins.

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5
Q

What is a carrier?

A

A heterozygous individual who carries a recessive allele but does not express the disorder phenotypically

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6
Q

How does consanguinity affect the likelihood of recessive disorders?

A

It increases the likelihood due to the shared genetic histories of close relatives.

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7
Q

Describe sickle-cell disease

A

A disorder where a single amino acid change in hemoglobin causes red blood cells to deform.

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8
Q

Why is the sickle-cell allele maintained in some populations?

A

Heterozygotes have a survival advantage against malaria.

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9
Q

Describe cystic fibrosis.

A

A lethal genetic disease caused by mutations in a gene encoding a transmembrane protein that transports chloride ions.

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10
Q

What are dominantly inherited disorders?

A

Disorders caused by dominant alleles, often rare and resulting in decreased reproductive success.

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11
Q

Describe Huntington’s disease.

A

A neurodegenerative disorder with symptoms appearing later in life (35-40 years old).

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12
Q

What are multifactorial disorders?

A

Disorders with both genetic and environmental components.

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13
Q

What is genetic counseling?

A

Counseling provided to couples with family histories of genetic disorders to assess the risk of passing on the disorder to their offspring.

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14
Q

What is the probability of two carriers of a recessive disorder having a child with the disorder?

A

1/4

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15
Q

What are the ethical implications of genetic screening?

A

The ability to screen for and potentially alter genetic abnormalities raises significant ethical concerns.

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16
Q

What type of inheritance pattern is represented by a 1:2:1 genotypic ratio and a phenotypic spectrum in the population?
○
A) Complete dominance
○
B) Incomplete dominance
○
C) Codominance
○
D) Sex-linked inheritance

A

B

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17
Q

Which of the following is NOT a difficulty in studying human heredity?
○
A) Long generation time
○
B) Few offspring
○
C) Ease of setting up specific matings
○
D) Ethical considerations

A

C

18
Q

What term describes an individual with more than the usual number of digits?
○
A) Polydactyl
○
B) Pleiotropic
○
C) Consanguineous
○
D) Heterozygous

A

A

19
Q

Which of the following is an example of a recessively inherited disorder?
○
A) Polydactyly
○
B) Sickle-cell disease
○
C) Huntington’s disease
○
D) Achondroplasia

A

B

20
Q

The frequency of alleles for serious disorders is typically low due to:
○
A) Reduced reproduction by homozygous individuals.
○
B) High mutation rates.
○
C) Lack of carriers in the population.
○
D) Migration patterns.

A

A

21
Q

Mating between close relatives is called:
○
A) Polydactyly
○
B) Pleiotropy
○
C) Consanguinity
○
D) Heterozygosity

A

C

22
Q

Sickle-cell disease is caused by:
○
A) A bacterial infection.
○
B) A single amino acid change in hemoglobin.
○
C) Environmental factors.
○
D) Multiple gene mutations.

A

B

23
Q

Heterozygotes for the sickle-cell allele have an advantage in areas with:
○
A) Cold climates.
○
B) High altitudes.
○
C) High incidence of malaria.
○
D) Low population densities.

A

C

24
Q

Cystic fibrosis affects which transmembrane protein?
○
A) Sodium channels
○
B) Potassium pumps
○
C) Chloride transporters
○
D) Glucose receptors

A

C

25
Q

What term describes a gene product with multiple effects on the body system?
○
A) Polydactyl
○
B) Pleiotropic
○
C) Consanguineous
○
D) Heterozygous

A

B

26
Q

Which of the following is an example of a dominantly inherited disorder?
○
A) Cystic fibrosis
○
B) Sickle-cell disease
○
C) Achondroplasia
○
D) Tay-Sachs disease

A

C

27
Q

Huntington’s disease is characterized by:
○
A) Early onset symptoms.
○
B) Deterioration of the nervous system.
○
C) A cure with current therapies.
○
D) A bacterial infection.

A

B

28
Q

Multifactorial disorders are influenced by:
○
A) Only genetic factors.
○
B) Only environmental factors.
○
C) Both genetic and environmental factors.
○
D) Neither genetic nor environmental factors.

A

C

29
Q

If both parents are carriers of a recessive disorder, what is the probability of their child inheriting the disorder?
○
A) 0%
○
B) 25%
○
C) 50%
○
D) 100%

A

D

30
Q

Genetic counseling can help couples:
○
A) Choose the gender of their child.
○
B) Prevent all genetic disorders.
○
C) Assess the risk of passing on genetic disorders.
○
D) Guarantee a healthy child.

A

C

31
Q

Pedigree analysis can be used to determine the likelihood of a particular genotype/phenotype being present in offspring.

A

T

32
Q

Carriers of recessive disorders always exhibit symptoms of the disorder

A

F

33
Q

The frequency of specific genetic disorders is consistent across all populations.

A

F

34
Q

Consanguinity decreases the likelihood of homozygous recessive traits.

A

F

35
Q

Sickle-cell disease provides resistance to malaria in individuals with two copies of the sickle-cell allele.

A

F

36
Q

Cystic fibrosis is caused by a buildup of mucus in the lungs and other organs

A

T

37
Q

Dominantly inherited disorders are always lethal.

A

F

38
Q

Huntington’s disease is a curable genetic disorder.

A

F

39
Q

Multifactorial disorders are influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

A

T

40
Q

Genetic counseling is only available for couples who are already pregnant.

A

F

BIOL (22 decks)

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