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BIOL > Ch 6-1 > Flashcards

Ch 6-1 Flashcards

1
Q

How does bioluminescence work

A

Some organisms convert chemical energy to light
Ex: dinoflagellates

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2
Q

Metabolism meaning

A

Sum of all chemical rxn in an organism
= emergent property

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3
Q

What does metabolic pathway alter

A

Alters a molecule through a series of defined steps, each of which involves the action of a specific enzyme

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4
Q

Catabolic pathway meaning

A

Release energy
Destroy molecules (complex to simple)

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5
Q

Anabolic pathways meaning

A

Requires energy input
(Creating simple to complex compounds)

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6
Q

The study of how energy flows through living organisms

A

Bioenergetics

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7
Q

Energy is the ability to

A

Cause change

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8
Q

Energy has the ability to

A

Rearrange matter
Ex: moving substances across a cell membrane

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9
Q

Forms of energy (5)

A
  1. Kinetic energy = movement of objects
  2. Thermal energy = KE due to random motion of atoms and molecules
  3. Heat = thermal energy transferred from one object to another
  4. Potential energy = due to location/structure of matter
  5. Chemical energy = potential energy stored in chemical bonds
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10
Q

True or False: Anabolic pathways break down complex molecules into simpler ones.

A

False (That describes catabolic pathways).

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11
Q

What is the difference between catabolic and anabolic pathways?

A

Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down molecules, while anabolic pathways consume energy to build molecules.

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12
Q

What is bioenergetics

A

Study of how energy flows through living organisms

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13
Q

Chemical energy meaning

A

Energy stored in chemical bonds

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14
Q

Form of energy associated with with movements of objects

A

Kinetic energy

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15
Q

True or False: Plants convert light energy into chemical energy through photosynthesis.

A

True

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16
Q

What is potential energy

A

Energy that matter has because of its location or structure.

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17
Q

What is thermal energy

A

Kinetic energy due to random motion of atoms and molecules

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18
Q

Thermal energy transferred from one object to another

A

Heat

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19
Q

First law of thermodynamics

A

Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

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20
Q

True or False: Every energy transfer increases the disorder (entropy) of the universe.

A

True

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21
Q

What does entropy measure

A

The level of molecular disorder in a system.

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22
Q

How do living organisms maintain order without violating the laws of thermodynamics?

A

By releasing heat and increasing the entropy of their surroundings.

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23
Q

What is an example of a process that increases entropy

A

Digestion or decay

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24
Q

What is Gibbs free energy (G)

A

The portion of a system’s energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform.

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25
Q

How does a spontaneous rxn relate to Gibbs free energy

A

A spontaneous reaction occurs without energy input and has a negative ΔG.

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26
Q

What are the two components of thermodynamics and describe them

A
  1. System : collection of matter being studied
  2. Surroundings: everything outside of that system
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27
Q

When is energy required in spontaneous process

A

When it is not spontaneous

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28
Q

What is free energy

A

Portion of systems energy which is able to do work when pressure and temp are kept constant within the system

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29
Q

When can the entropy of an indiv system decrease

A

As the total entropy of the universe increases

30
Q

What does a negative gibbs mean

A

No energy is required to cause a rxn = spontaneous

31
Q

In order to have a negative Gibbs, free energy must be __

A

Lost from the system

32
Q

When is equilibrium reached

A

When a system is in its most stable state (equal forward and reverse rxn)

Free energy is at its lowest possible value

33
Q

Any changes increases what

A

Free energy (G)

34
Q

METABOLISM REACHES EQUILIBRIUM (T OR F)

A

FALSE

35
Q

HOW DOES CELL PREVENT REACHING EQUILIBRIUM

A

Reactants and added products are removed

36
Q

True or False: Living cells are closed systems and eventually reach equilibrium.

A

False (Living cells are open systems and do not reach equilibrium).

37
Q

How is free energy related to stability in a system?

A

Less free energy equals more stability.

38
Q

What type of reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings?

A

Endergonic

39
Q

What type of reaction releases free energy to its surroundings?

A

Exergonic

40
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one reaction becomes the substrate for the next.

41
Q

True or False: Catabolic pathways are spontaneous and produce energy.

A

True

42
Q

Give an example of an anabolic pathway.

A

Photosynthesis

43
Q

Give an example of a catabolic pathway.

A

Cellular respiration

44
Q

What is the role of enzymes in metabolic pathways?

A

Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering activation energy.

45
Q

True or False: Thermal energy is a type of potential energy.

A

False (It is a type of kinetic energy).

46
Q

What is the source of energy for photosynthesis?

A

Light energy

47
Q

How does potential energy convert to kinetic energy in a biological context?

A

Stored energy in molecules (potential) is released during reactions (kinetic).

48
Q

True or False: Heat is a form of energy that can do work in cells.

A

False (Heat energy is often lost and increases entropy).

49
Q

What is chemical energy stored in

A

Chemical bonds

50
Q

What molecule is considered the energy currency of the cell?

A

ATP

51
Q

True or False: ATP hydrolysis is an exergonic reaction.

A

True

52
Q

What does ΔG represent in a reaction?

A

Change in free energy

53
Q

True or False: Cells can store the energy from catabolic reactions for anabolic processes.

A

True

54
Q

What is a phosphorylated intermediate?

A

A molecule that has received a phosphate group from ATP, making it more reactive

55
Q

What is the second law of thermodynamics?

A

Every energy transfer increases the entropy of the universe.

56
Q

What happens when a process increases entropy on its own?

A

It occurs spontaneously without the need for energy input.

57
Q

True or False: In an isolated system, reactions eventually stop doing work once equilibrium is reached.

A

True

58
Q

What type of system are living cells?

A

Open systems (reactants are added, and products are removed).

59
Q

What is the relationship between free energy and work capacity?

A

More free energy means greater work capacity.

60
Q

True or False: An endergonic reaction requires energy input.

A

True

61
Q

What is the energy transformation in photosynthesis?

A

Light energy to chemical energy.

62
Q

How do cells prevent equilibrium in their metabolic pathways?

A

By continuously removing products and adding reactants

63
Q

Name the two laws of thermodynamics relevant to biology.

A

First law (energy conservation) and second law (increased entropy).

64
Q

True or False: Organisms are closed systems that maintain low entropy.

A

False (Organisms are open systems that increase the entropy of their surroundings).

65
Q

What is chemical work

A

Creating of larger molec (endergonic, nonspontaneous)

66
Q

What is transport work

A

Movement of substances across the cell memb against gradients (active transport)

67
Q

What is mechanical work

A

Movement of cellular components or whole cells (cilia, flagellum, cytoskeleton components)

68
Q

Energy coupling meaning

A

process in which energy released from one reaction is used to power another reaction that requires energy

69
Q

How to not run out of ATP

A

Cells regenerate molec by coupling its production w/ other catabolic rxn (exergonic)

70
Q

__ is endergonic, thus not a spontaneous rxn = energy is rqrd

A

Biosynthesis

BIOL (22 decks)

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