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BIOL > Ch 13-1 > Flashcards

Ch 13-1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered bacterial transformation

A

Frederick Griffith

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2
Q

What did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty prove in 1944?

A

DNA was the material passed during bacterial transformation

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3
Q

Who designed an experiment to determine whether the genetic material of T2 phage was protein or DNA?

A

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

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4
Q

What did Erwin Chargaff’s research on DNA composition reveal?

A

Different organisms have different proportions of each base, and there are even proportions of adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine

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5
Q

What technique was used to study the structures of biomolecules, including DNA?

A

X-ray crystallography

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6
Q

Who collected the X-ray crystallography data that visually showed DNA’s helical structure?

A

Rosalind Franklin

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7
Q

Who are often credited for elucidating the 3D structure of DNA?

A

James Watson and Francis Crick

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8
Q

What is the term for DNA combined with proteins?

A

Chromatin

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9
Q

What is the difference between heterochromatin and euchromatin?

A

Heterochromatin is highly condensed and mostly inaccessible, while euchromatin is more dispersed and contains actively transcribed regions

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10
Q

In what year did Watson and Crick publish their 1-page report on the 3D structure of DNA?

A

1953

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11
Q

The S (smooth) strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae has a ______ which protects it from the immune system and is pathogenic.

A

Capsule

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12
Q

Transformation can be defined as the alteration of ______ and ______ due to the assimilation of external DNA.

A

Genotype, phenotype

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13
Q

A ______ is a virus which infects bacteria.

A

Answer: bacteriophage

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14
Q

DNA is composed of ______ different bases.

A

4

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15
Q

Watson & Crick determined that the two strands of DNA are ______.

A

Anti parallel

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16
Q

The sequence of bases along the DNA molecule accounted for the large amount of ______ seen.

A

Diversity

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17
Q

DNA packaging plays an important role in both the organization and ______ of expression of genetic material.

A

Regulation

18
Q

_____ is highly condensed and mostly inaccessible to transcription machinery.

A

Heterochromatin

19
Q

______ is more dispersed and contains accessible regions which are actively transcribed.

A

Euchromatin

20
Q

Watson, Crick, and Wilkins were awarded the Nobel Prize in ______.

A

1962

21
Q

Which strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae lacks a capsule and is nonpathogenic?
a) S strain
b) R strain
c) T strain
d) P strain

A

B

22
Q

Who proved that DNA was the material passed during bacterial transformation?
a) Griffith
b) Watson and Crick
c) Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
d) Hershey and Chase

A

C

23
Q

What did Hershey and Chase’s experiment show?
a) Only protein enters bacterial cells during T2 phage infection
b) Only DNA enters bacterial cells during T2 phage infection
c) Both DNA and protein enter bacterial cells during T2 phage infection
d) Neither DNA nor protein enters bacterial cells during T2 phage infection

A

B

24
Q

What did Chargaff’s research reveal about DNA composition?
a) All organisms have the same proportions of each base
b) There are uneven proportions of adenine-thymine and cytosine-guanine
c) Different organisms have different proportions of each base
d) DNA is composed of only three bases

A

C

25
Q

What technique was used to study the structure of DNA?
a) Electron microscopy
b) X-ray crystallography
c) Nuclear magnetic resonance
d) Mass spectrometry

A

B

26
Q

Who collected the X-ray crystallography data that showed DNA’s helical structure?
a) Watson and Crick
b) Rosalind Franklin
c) Erwin Chargaff
d) Maurice Wilkins

A

B

27
Q

What did Watson and Crick determine about the two strands of DNA?
a) They are parallel
b) They are antiparallel
c) They are perpendicular
d) They are unconnected

A

B

28
Q

What is the combination of DNA and proteins called?
a) Nucleosome
b) Histone
c) Chromatin
d) Chromosome

A

C

29
Q

Which type of chromatin is more dispersed and contains actively transcribed regions?
a) Heterochromatin
b) Euchromatin
c) Mesochromatin
d) Isochromatin

A

B

30
Q

In what year did Watson and Crick publish their report on the 3D structure of DNA?
a) 1951
b) 1952
c) 1953
d) 1954

A

C

31
Q

Proteins were initially believed to be the likely candidate for hereditary material.

A

T

32
Q

Bacterial transformation was discovered by Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty.

A

False. Bacterial transformation was discovered by Frederick Griffith.

33
Q

The Hershey-Chase experiment showed that only protein enters bacterial cells during T2 phage infection.

A

False. The Hershey-Chase experiment showed that only DNA enters bacterial cells during T2 phage infection.

34
Q

Erwin Chargaff found that different organisms have the same proportions of each DNA base.

A

False. Chargaff found that different organisms have different proportions of each DNA base.

35
Q

X-ray crystallography was used to study the structure of DNA.

A

T

36
Q

James Watson and Francis Crick are solely responsible for elucidating the 3D structure of DNA.

A

False. Their discovery involved combining the work of other scientists, including Chargaff and Franklin.

37
Q

The two strands of DNA are parallel to each other.

A

False. The two strands of DNA are antiparallel.

38
Q

The sequence of bases in DNA accounts for the large amount of genetic diversity seen.

A

T

39
Q

Heterochromatin is more dispersed and contains actively transcribed regions.

A

False. Euchromatin is more dispersed and contains actively transcribed regions, while heterochromatin is highly condensed.

40
Q

Rosalind Franklin was awarded the Nobel Prize along with Watson, Crick, and Wilkins.

A

F

BIOL (31 decks)

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