Ch 16-2

Question 1

What is cloning

Answer 1

Process by which new organism is formed which has exact same genetic composition to the parent

Question 2

What are the 2 types of cloning

Answer 2

Organismal and cell cloning

Question 3

What was the significance of F.C. Steward’s experiment in the 1950s?

Answer 3

He successfully cloned a carrot, proving that differentiation does not cause irreversible change to the cell’s DNA

Question 4

What is nuclear transplantation?

Answer 4

Removing the nucleus of an egg cell and replacing it with the nucleus of a differentiated cell.

Question 5

What was the first successful reproductive mammal clone?

Answer 5

Dolly the sheep, born in 1997

Question 6

What are stem cells?

Answer 6

Can divide and make copies of themselves [self renew] or change into other types of cells [differentiation]

Have the ability to turn into diff type of cells [muscle, brain, skin cells] for growth, repair, healing but replacing damaged or lost cells

Question 7

What are induced-pluripotent stem (iPS) cells?

Answer 7

Differentiated cells that have been “reprogrammed” back into embryonic stem cells.

Taking adult cells and reprogramming them to turn into many different type of cells

Question 8

Pluripotent meaning

Answer 8

Cells ability to become any type of cell in body

Question 9

Oncogenes meaning

Answer 9

A form of a gene which when expressed leads to the development of cancer.

Question 10

What are tumor-suppressor genes?

Answer 10

Genes that inhibit cell division, preventing uncontrolled cell growth.

Question 11

What are the two types of tumors?

Answer 11

Benign (non-cancerous) and malignant (cancerous).

Question 12

T / f

Cloning can only be performed in animals.

Answer 12

False. Cloning can also be performed in plants.

Question 13

T/ f

Dolly the sheep was the first organism ever cloned.

Answer 13

False. Plants were cloned before Dolly, and nuclear transplantation experiments had been conducted in animals.

Question 14

T/f

All cells in an adult organism are differentiated.

Answer 14

False. Adult organisms also contain stem cells, which are undifferentiated.

Question 15

T/ f

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells) are derived from embryonic stem cells.

Answer 15

False. iPS cells are created by “reprogramming” differentiated cells back into an embryonic-like state.

Question 16

T /f

Cancer is always caused by a single mutation.

Answer 16

F
Multiple mutations

Question 17

T / f

Oncogenes promote cell growth and division

Answer 17

T [but uncontollably]

Question 18

T / f

Tumor suppressor genes are mutated forms of proto-oncogenes.

Answer 18

False.
. Proto-oncogenes promote cell growth, while tumor suppressor genes inhibit it.

Question 19

T /f

All tumors are cancerous.

Answer 19

False. Benign tumors are not cancerous, while malignant tumors are.

Question 20

T / f

Viruses cannot cause cancer.

Answer 20

False. Viruses can cause cancer by interfering with gene regulation.

Question 21

T /f

Cancer is only caused by genetic factors.

Answer 21

False. Cancer is a complex disease that can be influenced by genetic factors, environmental factors, and infections.

Question 22

Cloned organisms may exhibit defects due to the epigenetic modifications present in the transferred ___ nucleus.

Answer 22

Differentiated

Question 23

___ the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function.

Answer 23

Differentiation

Question 24

___ genes whose expression can lead to the development of cancer.

Answer 24

Oncogene

Question 25

The products of __ genes inhibit cell division, helping to prevent uncontrolled cell growth

Answer 25

Tumor suppressor

Question 26

___ cells are unspecialized cells with the potential to reproduce indefinitely and differentiate into various specialized cell types

Answer 26

Stem

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT a type of cloning?
○
a) Organismal cloning
○
b) Cell cloning
○
c) Gene cloning
○
d) Reproductive cloning

Answer 27

C

Question 28

What did F.C. Steward’s experiment with carrots demonstrate?
○
a) Differentiated cells lose genes during development.
○
b) Differentiation causes irreversible changes to DNA.
○
c) Differentiation does not cause irreversible changes to DNA.
○
d) All cells are totipotent.

Answer 28

C

Question 29

What type of cell was used as the donor nucleus to clone Dolly the sheep?
○
a) Skin cell
○
b) Mammary cell
○
c) Egg cell
○
d) Embryonic stem cell

Answer 29

B

Question 30

From what developmental stage are embryonic stem cells typically harvested?
○
a) Bone marrow
○
b) Blood
○
c) Blastocyst
○
d) Skin

Answer 30

C

Question 31

What significant ethical concern has been raised regarding the use of embryonic stem cells?
○
a) They are difficult to harvest.
○
b) They are derived from human embryos.
○
c) They have a high risk of rejection.
○
d) They are not very effective.

Answer 31

B

Question 32

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of cancer cells?
○
a) Uncontrolled growth
○
b) Invasion of surrounding tissues
○
c) Differentiation
○
d) Metastasis

Answer 32

C

Question 33

Oncogenes are derived from:
○
a) Tumor suppressor genes
○
b) Proto-oncogenes
○
c) Viral genomes
○
d) All of the above

Answer 33

B

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of a tumor suppressor gene?
○
a) p53
○
b) Ras
○
c) Myc
○
d) HER2

Answer 34

A

Question 35

Which term describes a tumor that is not cancerous?
○
a) Malignant
○
b) Benign
○
c) Metastatic
○
d) Invasive

Answer 35

B

Question 36

Approximately what percentage of human cancers are thought to be associated with viruses?
○
a) 5%
○
b) 15%
○
c) 25%
○
d) 50%

Answer 36

B