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BIOL > Ch 11-2 > Flashcards

Ch 11-2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is complete dominance?

A

When the phenotype of the heterozygote is identical to the dominant homozygote.

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2
Q

Incomplete dominance meaning

A

A type of inheritance where the heterozygote shows an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygotes.

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3
Q

What is codominance

A

When both alleles in a heterozygote are fully expressed, resulting in a phenotype showing both traits equally.

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4
Q

Explain pleiotropy

A

When one gene influences multiple phenotypic traits.

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5
Q

Explain epistasis

A

When the expression of one gene is affected by another gene.

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6
Q

Define polygenic inheritance

A

When multiple genes collectively affect a single trait, often resulting in a range of phenotypes.

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7
Q

What are quantitative characters

A

Traits that vary continuously across a spectrum rather than in an either/or manner.

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8
Q

What is multifactorial character

A

A trait influenced by both genetic and environmental factors.

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9
Q

Example of codominance

A

The MN blood group, where both M and N alleles are expressed equally.

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10
Q

What is the ABO blood group an example of?

A

Multiple alleles, with three allelic forms: A, B, and O.

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11
Q

How does Tay-Sachs disease demonstrate different dominance at different levels?

A

Complete dominance at the organismal level, incomplete dominance biochemically, and codominance molecularly.

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12
Q

What is an example of pleiotropy in humans?

A

Sickle-cell anemia, where one gene affects multiple traits like blood cell shape and oxygen transport.

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13
Q

How does environment impact phenotypes?

A

Environmental factors can influence gene expression, resulting in a range of phenotypic outcomes.

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14
Q

What does the term “quantitative characters” refer to in polygenic inheritance?

A

Traits like height or skin color that vary along a spectrum and are controlled by multiple genes.

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15
Q

What is the impact of epistasis on phenotype?

A

It can mask or alter the effect of other genes, as seen in Labrador coat colors.

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16
Q

Which term describes when a heterozygote shows a mix of both parental traits equally?
A) Complete dominance
B) Codominance
C) Incomplete dominance
D) Epistasis

A

B

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17
Q

In which inheritance pattern does the heterozygous phenotype appear as a blend of the two homozygous phenotypes?
A) Complete dominance
B) Codominance
C) Incomplete dominance
D) Epistasis

A

C

18
Q

Which of the following describes a single gene that affects multiple traits?
A) Codominance
B) Pleiotropy
C) Epistasis
D) Polygenic inheritance

A

B

19
Q

Which concept applies when a trait is influenced by multiple genes and shows a range of phenotypes?
A) Pleiotropy
B) Codominance
C) Polygenic inheritance
D) Complete dominance

A

C

20
Q

What does the term “epistasis” describe?
A) Genes that separate independently
B) A gene affecting the expression of another gene
C) Dominant alleles masking recessive ones
D) Polygenic inheritance

A

B

21
Q

Which of the following is NOT an example of incomplete dominance?
A) A pink flower from red and white parent flowers
B) A cow with both black and white patches
C) A blend of skin tones in humans
D) Intermediate seed shape in plants

A

B

22
Q

In Tay-Sachs disease, which type of dominance is observed at the biochemical level?
A) Complete dominance
B) Codominance
C) Incomplete dominance
D) Epistasis

A

C

23
Q

What is an example of multiple alleles in humans?
A) MN blood group
B) ABO blood group
C) Eye color
D) Sickle-cell disease

A

B

24
Q

Which term refers to traits influenced by both genes and the environment?
A) Epistasis
B) Quantitative characters
C) Multifactorial characters
D) Codominant traits

A

C

25
Q

A plant with genes for both yellow and red flowers producing orange flowers is an example of:
A) Complete dominance
B) Incomplete dominance
C) Codominance
D) Epistasis

A

B

26
Q

In Labrador retrievers, the gene for pigment deposition is an example of:
A) Pleiotropy
B) Epistasis
C) Incomplete dominance
D) Multiple alleles

A

B

27
Q

Which of the following can vary continuously rather than in discrete categories?
A) Dominant traits
B) Recessive traits
C) Quantitative characters
D) Codominant traits

A

C

28
Q

Which allele frequency is likely lower, even if dominant?
A) Freckles
B) Eye color
C) Polydactyly
D) Hair texture

A

C

29
Q

Sickle-cell disease affects blood cells and oxygen transport, an example of:
A) Polygenic inheritance
B) Pleiotropy
C) Codominance
D) Epistasis

A

B

30
Q

If both M and N alleles are equally expressed in the blood type MN, this is an example of:
A) Complete dominance
B) Codominance
C) Incomplete dominance
D) Polygenic inheritance

A

B

31
Q

True or False: In codominance, only one allele is expressed in the phenotype.

A

F

32
Q

True or False: Incomplete dominance results in a blend of traits in the heterozygous phenotype.

A

T

33
Q

True or False: Epistasis is when one gene can mask or alter the effect of another gene.

A

T

34
Q

True or False: Polygenic inheritance refers to a single gene affecting multiple traits.

A

F

35
Q

True or False: Pleiotropy occurs when a single gene influences several phenotypic traits.

A

T

36
Q

True or False: The ABO blood group system is an example of multiple alleles.

A

T

37
Q

True or False: Tay-Sachs disease is an example of codominance at the organismal level.

A

F

38
Q

True or False: The phenotype for traits determined by polygenic inheritance often varies along a spectrum.

A

T

39
Q

True or False: Dominant alleles are always the most common in a population.

A

F

40
Q

True or False: In a multifactorial trait, both genetics and environment contribute to the phenotype.

A

T

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