Ch 5 Lec 2 - Skeletal System Flashcards
fibrous connective tissue that surrounds cartilage
perichondrium
the perichondrium provides support and protection and makes new blank
chondrocytes
two layers of perichondrium
inner, outer
layer of perichondrium that binds to cartilage and provides support and protection
outer
layer of perichondrium that has the matrix
inner
this starts in the perichondrium and allows the perichondrium to grow
appositional growht
chondroblasts secrete blank
matrix
chondroblasts enclosed in the matrix become blank
chondrocytes
growth where chondrocytes are enclosed in matrix and divide
interstitial growth
matrix forms between chondrocytes and this is the growth of cartilage from within
interstitial growth
supportive connective tissue that contains specialized cells and has a solid extracellular matrix
osseous tissue
an organic portion of protein fibers in osseous tissue
osteoid
the ground substance of osseous tissue
calcium salts / water
bone is produced by these cells (first stage)
osteoprogenitor
bone is created by these cells (stage that does something)
osteoblasts
derived from osteogenic cells and secrete osteoid, and is the predecessor to osteocytes
osteoblasts
increased osteoblast activity =
stronger bone
mature cells that exist within matrix and maintain Ca and PO4 homeostasis
osteocytes
osteocytes are found in spaces called blank
lacunae
blank is how osteocytes get oxygen, get nutrients, and communicate
canaliculi
chain of bone formation
osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts (not same cell)
these are involved in bone cycle and are white blood cell derived
osteoclasts
osteoclasts are involved in blank
osteolysis
more osteoclast production =
weaker bone
osteoclasts are very blank
large
bone matrix is made up of these two things
osteoid, inorganic materials
makes up 65 percent of bone matrix and are brittle salts
inorganic materials
three inorganic materials that make up bone matrix
hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, ions
organic part of bone matrix and makes up 35 percent
osteoid
three fibers that make up osteoid of bone matrix
collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans
the result of bone matrix is both blank and blank
strong, flexible
two types of bone
compact, spongy
compact bone is arranged in blank
osteons
spongy bones are arranged in blank
trabeculae
these connect one cell to the next cell in compact bone osteocytes
canaliculi
in the center of each osteon is a blank
blood vessel
concentric blank of matrix surrounding a central blank canal
lamellae, haversian
osteons are connected to each other by blank canals
perforating
three types of lamellae
concentric, interstitial, circumferential
layers of bone surrounding the central canal and make up osteons
concentric lamellae
lamellae that is found between the osteons and represent older osteons partially removed during tissue remodeling
interstitial
lamellae that surrounds the compact bone and is produced by the blank
circumferential, periosteum
spongy bones can also be called blank
cancellous
contains trabeculae, canaliculi, matrix, and osteocytes
spongy bone
spongy bone does not have these two things
osteons, central canal
spongy bone is mostly on the blank of the bone
ends
blank is made of bone and is in spongy bone but is not an osteon. It has lamellae, canaliculi, but not a central canal
trabeculae
latticework of thin plates of bone oriented a long lines of stress
trabeculae
spaces of trabeculae are filled with blank where blood cells develop
red marrow
these lighten the bone and allows for movement
trabeculae
trabeculae have blank instead of blank
red marrow, blood vessels
this encloses bone and is absent at the site of attachment of muscles, tendons and ligaments
periosteum
two layers of periodsteum
outer fibrous, inner
layer of periosteum that gives rise to collagen
outer fibrous
layer of periosteum that is for growth or new cells and maintenance
inner
1 cell layer and covers surfaces of spongy bone and medullary cavity
endosteum
three types of cells in endosteum
osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
shaft of long bone
diaphysis
one end of a long bone
epiphysis
growth plate region of long bone
metaphysis
over joint surfaces, acts as friction and shock absorber of a long bone
articular cartilage
marrow cavity of a long bone
medullary cavity
bone marrow that is areolar and adipose connective tissue and is absent in infants and is for energy storage
yellow
bone marrow that is areolar and myeloid tissue and produces blood cells
red marrow
supply periosteum with blood
periosteal arteries
these enter through nutrient foramen and supplies compact bone of diaphysis and yellow marrow with blood
nutrient arteries
supply red marrow and bone tissue of epiphyses and metaphyses with blood
metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries
each artery supply of bone also has a corresponding blank
vein
replacing connective tissue with bone
ossification
mesenchymal cells growing into spongy bone is called blank growth
intramembranous
hyaline cartilage grows into spongy bone in this growth
endochondral
this ossification begins at week 8 in embryo and is mostly finished by week 15
intramembranous
this forms the cranial flat bones, facial bones, dentary bones, clavicle, and sesmoid bones
intramembranous ossification
location where bone growth begins
primary ossification center
these cells arrange around blood vessels
mesenchymal
bone blank proteins are released after mesencyhmal cells arrange
morphogenic
mesenchymal cells turn into blank
osteoblasts
osteoblasts secrete blank
osteoid
osteoblasts become isolated which forms blank
osteocytes
mesenchymal cells at surface form inner layer of blank
periosteum
calcified matrix is degraded by blank to form blank bone
osteoclasts, spongy
end result of intramembranous ossification
spongy bone with a thin layer of compact bone
ossification where bone replaces a cartilage model
endochondral
this begins at week 7 of embryo and continues to adulthood
endochondral ossifiction
this forms long bones, many short bones, non cranial irregular and flate bones, middle ear ossicles
endochondral ossification
