Ch 24 Lec 1 - Respiratory System Flashcards
nose, nasal cavity, sinuses and pharynx make up this respiratory system
upper
two parts of respiratory system
upper, lower
larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli make up the blank
lower respiratory system
gas exchange surface
alveoli
lung is an extensive area for blank
gas exchange
respiratory produces blank
vocalization
respiratory system also helps with blank and blank
protection, regulation
increase the blank of the membrane to increase efficiency of membrane
surface area
decrease the blank of the membrane to increase efficiency of gas exchange
thickness
highly blank the respiratory membrane to maximize the concentration gradient to increase gas exchange efficiency
vascularize
gases exchange better with blank surfaces
moisture
two types of cartilage in nose
lateral nasal, major/minor alar
external nares are aka blank
nostrils
the nose encloses the nasal blank
vestibule
nasal vestibule is protected by blank and open into blank
hairs, nasal cavity
inside of nose is the blank
nasal vestibule
nasal vestibule is divided by blank
nasal septum
nasal cavity starts at nasal blank and ends at blank
vestibule, internal nares
nasal cavity is divided into two by the blank
nasal septum
nasal cavity is separated from oral cavity by blank and blank
hard palate, soft palate
hard palate is made of blank and blank
palatine, maxilla
nasal cavity has a blank membrane lining
mucus
superior region of the nasal cavity with areas of olfactory receptors
olfactory region
part of nasal cavity with three projections of bone on each side
conchae
ethmoid and inferior nasal concha bone make up the blank
conchae
grooves in between conchae are called blank
meatuses
conchae functions to blank out airborne particles
filter
conchae divides nasal cavity into blank
passages
conchae supports blank membranes
mucous
conchae increase blank and blank
surface area, turbulence
air filled sacs within cranial bones
sinuses
four sinuses
maxillary, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid
sinuses open into blank cavity
nasal
sinuses are lined with blank
mucous membranes
sinus functions to decrease blank of skull
weight
sinuses produce blank
mucus
throat is aka blank
pharynx
shared passageway for respiratory and digestive system
pharynx
pharynx above uvula and posterior to internal nares
nasopharynx
function of pharynx is a blank for food and air and is for blank production
passage, sound
two layers of respiratory tree
mucosa, submucosa
layer of respiratory tree that has goblet cells in pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
mucosa
layer of respiratory tree that has areolar connective tissue and serous and mucous glands
submucosa
there is blank cartilage and blank muscle in the respiratory tree
hyaline, trachealis
trachealis muscle is blank and longitudinal blank muscle
transverse, smooth
there is blank muscle as one moves closer to the lungs
more
enlargement in airway at top of trachea and below pharynx
larynx
larynx routes air and blank to proper blank
food, channels
larynx surrounds and protects blank
glottis
opening into larynx
glottis
larynx houses blank
vocal cords
composed of muscles and cartilage held together by elastic tissue
larynx
cartilage of larynx that is Adam’s apple
thyroid
larynx cartilage that supports epiglottis
cricoid
larynx cartilages that attach and control vocal cords
arytenoid, corniculate, cuneiform
folds in mucous membrane
vocal cords
false vocal cords that create no sound and muscles help close larynx during swallowing
vestibular folds
true vocal cords that cause sound production
vocal folds
air pushed past vocal folds causes blank
vibration
pitch is controlled by changing tension of blank
cords
tight tension means blank pitch
high
more force of air means blank sound
louder
oral cavity, lips, and tongue change blank
sound
flexible tube that connects larynx with bronchi
trachea
the trachea has a blank which is a ciliated mucous membrane with goblet cells that beats continuously and expels mucous loaded with debris
Inner wall
function of trachea is to filter and direct incoming blank
air
trachea has cartilage blank that prevent collapsing
rings
these are formed by division of trachea
bronchi
bronchi are split at blank
carina
bronchi enter lungs at blank
hilus
bronchi subdivide into smaller and smaller blank
branches
divisions of bronchi
primary, secondary, tertiary, bronchioles
in bronchi there is a difference between blank
sides
this bronchus is wider, shorter, straighter, and divides into blank parts whereas blank only has blank
right, three, left, two
there are blank terminal bronchioles
6500
smooth muscle and little cartilage in bronchioles which causes blank and blank
bronchodilation, bronchoconstriction
terminal bronchioles branch into respiratory blank
lobules
there are fifty to eighty terminal branches per blank
lobule
these lead to alveolar sacs
alveolar ducts
these contain several alveoli
alveolar sacs
there are blank alveoli per lung
150 million
each alveoli is associated with a network of blank
capillaries
alveoli have an abundance of blank fibers
elastic
The trachea has 20 c shaped pieces of blank cartilage
Hyaline
alveolus consists of these cells which are a moist lining that aids in diffusion across respiratory membrane and made of simple squamous epithelium for gas exchange
pneumocyte type 1
alveolus consists of these cells which do not do gas exchange but secrete pulmonary blank
pneumocyte type 2, surfactant
pulmonary surfactant is a fluid with a lower blank force than water
cohesive
pulmonary surfactant has blank walls that dont stick to eachother
alveolar
pulmonary surfactant prevents blank of alveoli
collapse
alveolus contains these two connective tissues
fibroblasts, macrophages
these are in the thoracic cavity and are surrounded by two membranes
lungs
two membranes of lungs
visceral pleura, parietal pleura
the blank is in between the two pleura of lungs
pleural cavity
all vessels and bronchi enter here in lungs
hilus
left lung has blank lobes while right has blank
2, 3
lung lobes divide into blank
lobules
type of respiration with moving air in and out
pulmonary ventilation
type of respiration that is gas exchange
external respiration
type of respiration that is transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide
respiratory transport
type of respiration that is gas exchange between blood and tissue
internal respiration
breathing works depending on the blank changes in the blank cavity
volume, thoracic
two phases of breathing
inspiration, expiration
volume changes lead to blank change in breathing
pressure
when pressure changes, gases flow to blank pressure
equalize
during inspiration, blank and blank muscles contract
external intercostal, diaphragm
on inspiration, this expands
thoracic cavity
on inspiration, pressure in the pleural cavity blank
decrease
on inspiration, air moves blank lungs to equalize pressure
into
a passive process where muscles relax and recoil shrinks thoracic cavity
expiration
during expiration, prussure blank in pleural cavity in lungs
increases
during this, internal intercostals, external obliques, and abdominal recti muscles contract
forced expiration
in expiration, air moves blank to equalize pressure
out
