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Immunology And Serology BOARD EXAM > 9th Page > Flashcards

9th Page Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of the total lymphocyte population do NK cells represent?

A

10-15% . Other sources indicate 5 to 10%.

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2
Q

Immunity of NK cells

A

Innate immunity

making them non-specific compared to T and B cells.

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3
Q

What is the approximate size of NK cells?

A

NK cells are generally larger than T and B cells, approximately 15 um in diameter.

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4
Q

What is a notable feature of NK cell?

A

NK cells contain kidney-shaped nuclei with condensed chromatin and prominent nucleoli.

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5
Q

What are NK cells also known as?

A

Large Granular Lymphocytes (LGL).

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6
Q

NK cells stand for?

A

Natural killer cells

because they can mediate cytolytic reactions and kill target cells without prior exposure.

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7
Q

From where do NK cells arise?

A

from the common lymphoid progenitor.

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8
Q

NK cells once activated by IL-2, they are called what?

A

Lymphokine Activated Killer Cells (LAK)

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9
Q

Do NK cells express markers of T or B cells?

A

They DO NOT

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10
Q

What specific combination of markers can be used for NK cell identification?

A

CD16, CD56, and CD94.

(NK cells have no unique surface markers)

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11
Q

Role of NK cells in virus immunity?

A

essential mediators of virus immunity

(their deficiency in humans leads to uncontrolled viral replication and poor clinical outcomes.)

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12
Q

How do NK cells destroy infected or tumor cells?

A

Destroy without MHC restriction (MHC-unrestricted cytolysis) or antigen presentation.

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13
Q

What do NK cells kill?

A

Kill virally infected cells or cancerous cells through the secretion of Granzyme and Perforin.

(similar with cytotoxic T cell)

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14
Q

Inhibition signals of NK cells?

A

Inhibition occurs when NK cells react with MHC class I proteins expressed on healthy cells.

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15
Q

What happens to diseased and cancerous cells regarding MHC proteins?

A

Lose their ability to produce MHC proteins, leading to killing by NK cells.

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16
Q

Examples of inhibitory receptors found in NK cells

A

Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs)

CD94/NKG2A.

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17
Q

ADCC stands for?

A

Antibody-dependent Cell Cytotoxicity.

18
Q

ADCC binding occurs through?

A

CD16 receptor for IgG.

19
Q

What happens to target cells coated with IgG?

A

bound and destroyed by NK cells

20
Q

What is the role of antibodies in NK cell activity?

A

Antibodies bind antigens on the surface of target cells, allowing NK cells to recognize and destroy them.

21
Q

What triggers degranulation in NK cells?

A

Cross-linking of CD16 triggers degranulation into a lytic synapse.

22
Q

End result for tumor cells attacked by NK cells?

A

Die by apoptosis.

23
Q

What NK receptors recognize cell-bound antibodies?

A

CD16 Fc receptors

24
Q

What is Flow Cytometry?

A

A rapid and convenient technique for generating immunophenotypic data.

25
Q

What is Flow Cytometry useful for?

A

Evaluation and prognosis of leukemia, lymphoma, and immunodeficiency.

26
Q

What is the principle behind Flow Cytometry?

A

Based on Light Scattering derived from suspension of particles in a flowing stream of fluid.

27
Q

What does Forward Scatter (FSC) measure?

A

Cell size.

28
Q

What does Side Scatter (SS) measure?

A

Cell internal complexity / granularity.

29
Q

What is the role of the fluorescence detector in Flow Cytometry?

A

Quantifying cell subpopulations or cell components.

30
Q

What are common fluorophores used in Flow Cytometry?

A

FITC, TRITC, Phycoerythin.

**FITC- Fluorescein Isothiocyanate
TRITC - Tetramethylrhodamine Isothiocyanate

31
Q

What specimens are used in Flow Cytometry?

A

Blood
Bone Marrow
Body fluid aspirates
Tissue samples.

32
Q

What anticoagulants are used in Flow Cytometry?

A

EDTA, Heparin, Acid Citrate Dextrose.

33
Q

What is required before testing in Flow Cytometry?

A

Removal of RBCs.

34
Q

Solution used in density gradient centrifugation in Flow Cytometry

A

Ficoll-Hypaque solution

35
Q

What layers are formed during density gradient centrifugation?

A

Plasma (top)

Mononuclear cells (middle)

RBCs and granulocytes (bottom)

36
Q

What agent is used for erythrocyte lysing?

A

Ammonium Chloride.

37
Q

What is the Rosette technique?

A

Uses sheep RBCs as reagents for enumeration of T lymphocytes.

38
Q

Sheep RBCs in Rosette technique

A

They attach to the CD2 antigen, found only on T cells.

39
Q

At least how many sheep RBCs attach to a lymphocyte in rosette formation?

A

3

40
Q

How is rosette technique calculated?

A

200 cells are counted and the percent forming rosettes is calculated.

Immunology And Serology BOARD EXAM (32 decks)

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