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Immunology And Serology BOARD EXAM > 5th Page > Flashcards

5th Page Flashcards

1
Q

What are the macrophages in the liver called?

A

Kupffer cells

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2
Q

What are the macrophages in the lungs called?

A

Alveolar macrophages

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3
Q

What are the macrophages in the brain called?

A

Microglia

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4
Q

What are the macrophages in connective tissues called?

A

Tissue macrophages (Histiocytes)

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5
Q

What are the macrophages in the spleen called?

A

Red pulp macrophages (sinusoidal lining cells)

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6
Q

What are the macrophages in lymph nodes called?

A

Sinus histiocytes

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7
Q

What are the macrophages in the placenta called?

A

Hofbauer cells

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8
Q

What are the macrophages in bone called?

A

Osteoclasts

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9
Q

What are the macrophages in the kidneys called?

A

Intraglomerular mesangial cells

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10
Q

What are the macrophages in skin and mucosa called?

A

Langerhans cells

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11
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Ingestion of a foreign particle by a phagocyte

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12
Q

What initiates phagocytosis?

A

Initiated by cell injury - trauma or microorganism multiplication

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13
Q

What happens to activated macrophages?

A

It demonstrate increased receptors

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14
Q

What is the role of phagocytosis?

A

Ingestion of a foreign particle by a phagocyte.

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15
Q

What are some examples of cell receptors involved in phagocytosis?

A

CR3 (complement Receptor 3)

Laminin, and Leucyl Formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine receptors.

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16
Q

What are TLRs?

A

Unique receptors that attach to microorganisms and stimulate phagocytosis upon binding to their ligand.

Ex. Drasophilia Melnogaster (fly)

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17
Q

Where is the highest concentration of TLRs found?

A

On monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.

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18
Q

What is chemotaxis?

A

Migration to a certain direction under stimulation of a chemical substance.

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19
Q

What is the difference between chemotaxis and chemokinesis?

A

Chemotaxis is movement toward a stimulus, while chemokinesis is random movement.

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20
Q

What are chemotaxins?

A

Substances like C5a, starch/bacteria, and dead tissue that stimulate WBC movement.

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21
Q

(+) Chemotaxins

A

toward stimulus

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22
Q

(-)

A

away from stimulus

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23
Q

What happens without chemotaxins?

A

WBC movement is random.

24
Q

What is Job Syndrome?

A

Normal chemokinesis with abnormal chemotactic activity.

25
Q

What is Lazy leukocyte?

A

both abnormal

26
Q

What enhances engulfment?

A

Opsonins, such as specific antibodies and complement (e.g., C3b).

27
Q

What inhibits engulfment?

IMP

A

Large bacterial capsules, such as those from
H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, and S. pneumoniae.

28
Q

What occurs during digestion in phagocytosis?

A

Lysosomes fuse with the phagosome membrane (phagolysosome) and empty their contents into the phagosome.

29
Q

What happens to cells after digestion in phagocytosis?

A

Cells die and appear in other body fluids (aka degranulation)

30
Q

What is the Boyden’s Chamber Assay used for?

A

It is a test for chemotactic activity of phagocytes.

31
Q

What does the screening test for Phagocytic Engulfment?

A

Incorporation of bacteria with blood and making a smear.

32
Q

What is the Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test used for?

A

It is a screening test for Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD).

33
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Tissue reaction to injury; overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent.

34
Q

What mechanisms are involved in inflammation?

A

Cellular and humoral mechanisms

35
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Rubor (redness)
  2. Calor (heat)
  3. Dolor (pain)
  4. Tumor (swelling)
  5. Functio laesa (loss of function)

RR CH DP TS FL

36
Q

What occurs in the first stage of inflammation?

A

Injured cells cause mast cells to release histamine, leading to dilation of small venules and constriction of large vessels.

37
Q

What is the first stage of inflammation?

A

Vascular Response

Injured cells cause mast cells to release histamine, leading to dilation of small venules and constriction of large vessels.

38
Q

What are the effects of vasodilation during inflammation?

A

Increased blood flow to the injured area (hyperemia) results in REDNESS & HEAT

Increased capillary permeability causes plasma to leak into tissues, leading to swelling and pain.

39
Q

An increased capillary permeability during inflammation can cause what?

A

Plasma leaks to tissues = SWELLING & PAIN

40
Q

What happens to blood during the first stage of inflammation?

A

Blood becomes viscous and

SOMETIMES

may lead to blood stasis, resulting in LOSS OF FUNCTION

41
Q

What is the second stage of inflammation?

A

Cellular Response

Acute inflammation produces lactic acid, which causes pain.

42
Q

What role do regulators/suppressors of inflammation play in cellular response?

A

They prevent basophil degranulation and contain histaminase that inactivates histamine.

43
Q

What is involved in hypersensitivity during inflammation?

A

Release of histamine and eosinophil chemotactic factors.

44
Q

What does acute inflammation produces during cellular response?

A

Produces lactic acid which causes pain

45
Q

Other cellular responses in Inflammation

A

Chronic Inflammation secretes monokines

Plasma cells

46
Q

What is the 3rd stage in Inflammation?

A

Resolution & Repair

47
Q

What initiates the third stage of inflammation?

A

Fibroblasts

48
Q

Produce acid mucopolysaccharides that neutralize toxic substances.

A

Fibroblasts

49
Q

What happens to fibrinogen during the resolution and repair (3rd) stage?

A

Fibrinogen in the leaked plasma COAGULATES, walling off the injured area and preventing the spread of infection.

50
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Plasma cells are involved in the immune response.

51
Q

What is the 3rd stage of inflammation?

A

The 3rd stage is Resolution & Repair.

52
Q

What initiates the resolution and repair stage?

A

Fibroblasts initiate the resolution and repair stage.

53
Q

What do fibroblasts produce?

A

acid mucopolysaccharides that neutralize toxic substances.

54
Q

What are the three possible effects of inflammation?

A

1) Affected area totally repaired

2) Formation of abscess with loss of function

3) Granuloma may be formed.

55
Q

What are the roles of inflammation?

A
  1. Destruction and removal of pathogen
  2. Prevention of spread of infection
  3. Helping in tissue repairing process.

Immunology And Serology BOARD EXAM (32 decks)

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