5th Page Flashcards
What are the macrophages in the liver called?
Kupffer cells
What are the macrophages in the lungs called?
Alveolar macrophages
What are the macrophages in the brain called?
Microglia
What are the macrophages in connective tissues called?
Tissue macrophages (Histiocytes)
What are the macrophages in the spleen called?
Red pulp macrophages (sinusoidal lining cells)
What are the macrophages in lymph nodes called?
Sinus histiocytes
What are the macrophages in the placenta called?
Hofbauer cells
What are the macrophages in bone called?
Osteoclasts
What are the macrophages in the kidneys called?
Intraglomerular mesangial cells
What are the macrophages in skin and mucosa called?
Langerhans cells
What is phagocytosis?
Ingestion of a foreign particle by a phagocyte
What initiates phagocytosis?
Initiated by cell injury - trauma or microorganism multiplication
What happens to activated macrophages?
It demonstrate increased receptors
What is the role of phagocytosis?
Ingestion of a foreign particle by a phagocyte.
What are some examples of cell receptors involved in phagocytosis?
CR3 (complement Receptor 3)
Laminin, and Leucyl Formyl-methionyl-phenylalanine receptors.
What are TLRs?
Unique receptors that attach to microorganisms and stimulate phagocytosis upon binding to their ligand.
Ex. Drasophilia Melnogaster (fly)
Where is the highest concentration of TLRs found?
On monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils.
What is chemotaxis?
Migration to a certain direction under stimulation of a chemical substance.
What is the difference between chemotaxis and chemokinesis?
Chemotaxis is movement toward a stimulus, while chemokinesis is random movement.
What are chemotaxins?
Substances like C5a, starch/bacteria, and dead tissue that stimulate WBC movement.
(+) Chemotaxins
toward stimulus
(-)
away from stimulus
What happens without chemotaxins?
WBC movement is random.
What is Job Syndrome?
Normal chemokinesis with abnormal chemotactic activity.
What is Lazy leukocyte?
both abnormal
What enhances engulfment?
Opsonins, such as specific antibodies and complement (e.g., C3b).
What inhibits engulfment?
IMP
Large bacterial capsules, such as those from
H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, and S. pneumoniae.
What occurs during digestion in phagocytosis?
Lysosomes fuse with the phagosome membrane (phagolysosome) and empty their contents into the phagosome.
What happens to cells after digestion in phagocytosis?
Cells die and appear in other body fluids (aka degranulation)
What is the Boyden’s Chamber Assay used for?
It is a test for chemotactic activity of phagocytes.
What does the screening test for Phagocytic Engulfment?
Incorporation of bacteria with blood and making a smear.
What is the Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) test used for?
It is a screening test for Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD).
What is inflammation?
Tissue reaction to injury; overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent.
What mechanisms are involved in inflammation?
Cellular and humoral mechanisms
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
- Rubor (redness)
- Calor (heat)
- Dolor (pain)
- Tumor (swelling)
- Functio laesa (loss of function)
RR CH DP TS FL
What occurs in the first stage of inflammation?
Injured cells cause mast cells to release histamine, leading to dilation of small venules and constriction of large vessels.
What is the first stage of inflammation?
Vascular Response
Injured cells cause mast cells to release histamine, leading to dilation of small venules and constriction of large vessels.
What are the effects of vasodilation during inflammation?
Increased blood flow to the injured area (hyperemia) results in REDNESS & HEAT
Increased capillary permeability causes plasma to leak into tissues, leading to swelling and pain.
An increased capillary permeability during inflammation can cause what?
Plasma leaks to tissues = SWELLING & PAIN
What happens to blood during the first stage of inflammation?
Blood becomes viscous and
SOMETIMES
may lead to blood stasis, resulting in LOSS OF FUNCTION
What is the second stage of inflammation?
Cellular Response
Acute inflammation produces lactic acid, which causes pain.
What role do regulators/suppressors of inflammation play in cellular response?
They prevent basophil degranulation and contain histaminase that inactivates histamine.
What is involved in hypersensitivity during inflammation?
Release of histamine and eosinophil chemotactic factors.
What does acute inflammation produces during cellular response?
Produces lactic acid which causes pain
Other cellular responses in Inflammation
Chronic Inflammation secretes monokines
Plasma cells
What is the 3rd stage in Inflammation?
Resolution & Repair
What initiates the third stage of inflammation?
Fibroblasts
Produce acid mucopolysaccharides that neutralize toxic substances.
Fibroblasts
What happens to fibrinogen during the resolution and repair (3rd) stage?
Fibrinogen in the leaked plasma COAGULATES, walling off the injured area and preventing the spread of infection.
What are plasma cells?
Plasma cells are involved in the immune response.
What is the 3rd stage of inflammation?
The 3rd stage is Resolution & Repair.
What initiates the resolution and repair stage?
Fibroblasts initiate the resolution and repair stage.
What do fibroblasts produce?
acid mucopolysaccharides that neutralize toxic substances.
What are the three possible effects of inflammation?
1) Affected area totally repaired
2) Formation of abscess with loss of function
3) Granuloma may be formed.
What are the roles of inflammation?
- Destruction and removal of pathogen
- Prevention of spread of infection
- Helping in tissue repairing process.
