19th Page

Question 1

What is Type I diabetes?

Answer 1

Selective destruction of the insulin producing B cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.

Question 2

What is Graves’ disease?

Answer 2

Unregulated secretion of T3 and T4 due to stimulation of TSH receptor by antibody.

Increased T3, T4

Question 3

What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

Answer 3

Destruction of the thyroid gland.

Decreased T3, T4
Increased TSH

Question 4

What is pernicious anemia?

Answer 4

Destruction of the parietal cells of the stomach mucosa leading to intrinsic factor deficiency.

Question 5

What is multiple sclerosis?

Answer 5

An immune-mediated inflammatory disease that attacks myelinated axons in the CNS, destroying the myelin and the axon in variable degrees and producing significant physical disability.

Question 6

What are the histologic hallmarks of Wegener’s granulomatosis?

Answer 6

Granuloma formation, ‘pauci-immune’ vasculitis and glomerulonephritis (renal vasculitis).

Question 7

What is Sjögren’s syndrome?

Answer 7

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dryness of eyes) and xerostomia (dry mouth) due to lymphocytic infiltrates of lachrymal and salivary glands.

Question 8

What is scleroderma?

Answer 8

Involves the hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues.

Question 9

What antibodies are associated with Type I diabetes?

Answer 9

1. Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD)
2. Anti-insulin Ab.

Question 10

What antibodies are associated with Graves’ disease?

Answer 10

1. Anti-TSH receptor Ab
2. Anti-thyroid peroxidase
3. Anti-thyroglobulin Ab.

Question 11

What antibodies are associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

Answer 11

1. Anti-thyroid peroxidase
2. Anti-thyroglobulin Ab
3. Anti-microsomal Ab.

Question 12

What antibodies are associated with pernicious anemia?

Answer 12

1. Anti-parietal cell
2. Anti-intrinsic factor.

Question 13

What antibodies are associated with multiple sclerosis?

Answer 13

Anti-myelin sheath.

Question 14

What antibodies are associated with Good pasture’s syndrome?

Answer 14

Anti-glomerular basement membrane Ab.

Question 15

What antibodies are associated with primary biliary cholangitis?

Answer 15

Anti-mitochondrial Ab.

Question 16

What antibodies are associated with chronic active hepatitis?

Answer 16

Anti-smooth muscle Ab.

Question 17

What antibodies are associated with myasthenia gravis?

Answer 17

Anti-acetylcholinesterase.

Question 18

What antibodies are associated with Wegener granulomatosis?

Answer 18

Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA).

Question 19

What antibodies are associated with Sjögren’s syndrome?

Answer 19

Anti SSA, Anti SSB.

Question 20

What antibodies are associated with scleroderma?

Answer 20

Anti-centriole, anti-Scl.

Question 21

Formation of lesions called plauqes in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord (progressive destruction of the myelin sheath of axons)

Answer 21

Multiple sclerosis

Question 22

Combination of glomerulonephritis with alveolar hemorrhage and anti-GBM antibodies

Answer 22

Good pasture’s syndrome

Question 23

Liver disease that is characterized by diffuse parenchymal inflammation and hepatic cell necrosis

Answer 23

Chronic Active Hepatitis

Question 24

Cholestatic liver disease characterized by a breakdown of immune tolerance to mitochondrial and nuclear Ags causing injury to BEC

Answer 24

Primary biliary cirrhosis

Question 25

Disease of NMJ caused by Abs that attack components of the postsynaptic membrane, impair neuromuscular transmission and lead to weakness and fatigue of skeletal muscle

Answer 25

Myasthenia gravis

Question 26

What is tumor immunology?

Answer 26

The study of the antigens associated with tumors, the immune response to tumors, the tumor’s effect on the host’s immune status, and the use of the immune system to help eradicate the tumor.

Question 27

What does the term ‘cancer’ derive from?

Answer 27

The Latin word for ‘crab’, due to the property of invasiveness resembling the legs of a crab when viewed in microscopic tissue sections.

Question 28

Metastasis

Answer 28

The ability of cells to break away from the original tumor mass and spread through the blood to nearby or distant sites in the body.

Question 29

Proto-oncogenes

Answer 29

Normal genes involved in normal cell growth and division. Alterations in these genes can convert them into oncogenes, which are involved in malignant transformation.

Question 30

Tumor suppressor genes

Answer 30

They control cell division by regulating the progression of cells through the cell cycle and maintaining genetic stability of the cells by repairing damaged DNA.

Question 31

What does the TNM system classify?

Answer 31

Tumors are classified according to the:

size and extent of the primary tumor (T0 to T4)

the degree of spread to adjacent lymph nodes (N0 to N3),

the presence or absence of distant metastases (M0 or M1).

Question 32

T2N1M0

Answer 32

It involves a tumor between 2 to 5 cm in diameter that has spread to one to three regional lymph nodes but has not spread to distant sites.

Question 33

Hormones

Answer 33

gastrin
calcitonin
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).

Question 34

Cell surface markers

Answer 34

Estrogen or progesterone receptors
CD markers on white blood cells (WBCs)

Question 35

Carbohydrate Ag or Cancer Ag

Answer 35

CA 125 (ovarian)
CA 15-3 (breast)
CA 19-9 (pancreatic/gastric cancer)

Question 35

Proteins

Answer 35

Thyroglobulin (TG)
Immunoglobulins and Ig light chains (BJP)

Question 35

Oncofetal antigens

Answer 35

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)

Question 36

Enzymes or Isoenzymes

Answer 36

prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
alkaline phosphatase (ALKP)
neuron-specific enolase,