19th Page Flashcards
What is Type I diabetes?
Selective destruction of the insulin producing B cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
What is Graves’ disease?
Unregulated secretion of T3 and T4 due to stimulation of TSH receptor by antibody.
Increased T3, T4
What is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
Destruction of the thyroid gland.
Decreased T3, T4
Increased TSH
What is pernicious anemia?
Destruction of the parietal cells of the stomach mucosa leading to intrinsic factor deficiency.
What is multiple sclerosis?
An immune-mediated inflammatory disease that attacks myelinated axons in the CNS, destroying the myelin and the axon in variable degrees and producing significant physical disability.
What are the histologic hallmarks of Wegener’s granulomatosis?
Granuloma formation, ‘pauci-immune’ vasculitis and glomerulonephritis (renal vasculitis).
What is Sjögren’s syndrome?
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dryness of eyes) and xerostomia (dry mouth) due to lymphocytic infiltrates of lachrymal and salivary glands.
What is scleroderma?
Involves the hardening and tightening of the skin and connective tissues.
What antibodies are associated with Type I diabetes?
- Anti-Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase (GAD)
- Anti-insulin Ab.
What antibodies are associated with Graves’ disease?
- Anti-TSH receptor Ab
- Anti-thyroid peroxidase
- Anti-thyroglobulin Ab.
What antibodies are associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
- Anti-thyroid peroxidase
- Anti-thyroglobulin Ab
- Anti-microsomal Ab.
What antibodies are associated with pernicious anemia?
- Anti-parietal cell
- Anti-intrinsic factor.
What antibodies are associated with multiple sclerosis?
Anti-myelin sheath.
What antibodies are associated with Good pasture’s syndrome?
Anti-glomerular basement membrane Ab.
What antibodies are associated with primary biliary cholangitis?
Anti-mitochondrial Ab.
What antibodies are associated with chronic active hepatitis?
Anti-smooth muscle Ab.
What antibodies are associated with myasthenia gravis?
Anti-acetylcholinesterase.
What antibodies are associated with Wegener granulomatosis?
Anti-neutrophilic cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA).
What antibodies are associated with Sjögren’s syndrome?
Anti SSA, Anti SSB.
What antibodies are associated with scleroderma?
Anti-centriole, anti-Scl.
Formation of lesions called plauqes in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord (progressive destruction of the myelin sheath of axons)
Multiple sclerosis
Combination of glomerulonephritis with alveolar hemorrhage and anti-GBM antibodies
Good pasture’s syndrome
Liver disease that is characterized by diffuse parenchymal inflammation and hepatic cell necrosis
Chronic Active Hepatitis
Cholestatic liver disease characterized by a breakdown of immune tolerance to mitochondrial and nuclear Ags causing injury to BEC
Primary biliary cirrhosis
Disease of NMJ caused by Abs that attack components of the postsynaptic membrane, impair neuromuscular transmission and lead to weakness and fatigue of skeletal muscle
Myasthenia gravis
What is tumor immunology?
The study of the antigens associated with tumors, the immune response to tumors, the tumor’s effect on the host’s immune status, and the use of the immune system to help eradicate the tumor.
What does the term ‘cancer’ derive from?
The Latin word for ‘crab’, due to the property of invasiveness resembling the legs of a crab when viewed in microscopic tissue sections.
Metastasis
The ability of cells to break away from the original tumor mass and spread through the blood to nearby or distant sites in the body.
Proto-oncogenes
Normal genes involved in normal cell growth and division. Alterations in these genes can convert them into oncogenes, which are involved in malignant transformation.
Tumor suppressor genes
They control cell division by regulating the progression of cells through the cell cycle and maintaining genetic stability of the cells by repairing damaged DNA.
What does the TNM system classify?
Tumors are classified according to the:
size and extent of the primary tumor (T0 to T4)
the degree of spread to adjacent lymph nodes (N0 to N3),
the presence or absence of distant metastases (M0 or M1).
T2N1M0
It involves a tumor between 2 to 5 cm in diameter that has spread to one to three regional lymph nodes but has not spread to distant sites.
Hormones
gastrin
calcitonin
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).
Cell surface markers
Estrogen or progesterone receptors
CD markers on white blood cells (WBCs)
Carbohydrate Ag or Cancer Ag
CA 125 (ovarian)
CA 15-3 (breast)
CA 19-9 (pancreatic/gastric cancer)
Proteins
Thyroglobulin (TG)
Immunoglobulins and Ig light chains (BJP)
Oncofetal antigens
alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
Enzymes or Isoenzymes
prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
alkaline phosphatase (ALKP)
neuron-specific enolase,
