17th Page Flashcards
What are pro-inflammatory cytokines?
IL1
What is the source of IL-1?
Monocyte, macrophage, dendritic
What is the source of IL-2?
T helper cells.
What is the source of IL-3?
Activated T cells.
What is the source of IL-5?
Th2 cells and mast cells.
What is the source of IL-8?
Macrophages and endothelia.
What is the source of TNF-a?
Macrophages and NK cells.
What is the source of TNF-B?
T cells.
What is the source of Type 1 IFN?
Dendritic cells.
What is the source of Type 2 IFN?
T cells and NK cells.
What is the source of TGF-B?
T cells (Tregs), macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.
Function: to kill cytokine (CD25)
IL2
Function: Tree of Life cytokine (HSC)
IL3
Function: Eosinophil activating cytokine?
IL5
Function: neutrophil chemotactic factor?
IL8
What is cachectin?
Also known as TNF-a, it is a major stimulus for TNF-a production.
Lipopolysaccharide found in gram-negative
TNF-a
What happens with higher levels of TNF-a secretion?
It can lead to septic shock.
What is lymphotoxin?
Another name for TNF-B
involved in killing and endothelial activation
TNF-B
Type 1 IFNs
They induce proteins and pathways that directly interfere with viral replication and cell division.
What is IFN-alpha?
Leukocyte interferon, secreted by leukocytes.
What is IFN-beta?
Fibroblast IFN or Epithelial cell IFN, secreted by fibroblasts.
What do IFN-alpha and IFN-beta inhibit?
Viral replication.
Most potent activator of macrophages and boosts their tumoricidal activity
Type 2 IFN
TGF-Beta
primary regulator of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and the inflammatory response.
A factor that induces antiproliferative activity of cells
TGF-Beta
How does TGF-Beta affect IL-12 and IFN-gamma?
It blocks the production of IL-12 and inhibits the induction of IFN-gamma.
Recognized as important in oral tolerance to bacteria normally found in the mouth.
TGF-Beta
hypersensitivity reactions
Heightened state of immune responsiveness;
an exaggerated response to a harmless antigen that results in injury to the tissue, disease, or even death.
hypersensitivity reactions
How many types of hypersensitivity reactions are there?
Four different categories (Types I, II, III, IV).
What is Type I hypersensitivity?
Anaphylactic reaction mediated by IgE and the release of mediators like histamine from basophils/mast cells.
What are examples of Type I hypersensitivity?
Asthma, food allergies, hay fever, pollen, animal dander, house dust mites, drugs (e.g., Penicillin), rhinitis, latex allergy, insect (bee) stings, anaphylaxis, atomic dermatitis
What is Type II hypersensitivity?
Cytotoxic reaction involving antibody (IgG/IgM) and complement, leading to cell lysis.
What are examples of Type II hypersensitivity?
Transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Grave’s disease, Goodpasture’s syndrome, myasthenia gravis.
What is Type III hypersensitivity?
Immune complex reaction characterized by the deposition of immune complexes in host tissues.
Immune mediator: IgM/IgG
There is complement activation
What are examples of Type III hypersensitivity?
Serum sickness, Arthus reaction, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis associated in SLE, neoplastic diseases.
What is Type IV hypersensitivity?
Delayed or cell-mediated reaction involving the release of lymphokines from sensitized T cells.
Immune mediator: T cells
What are examples of Type IV hypersensitivity?
Contact dermatitis (poison ivy, nickel, mercury, copper, rubber, formaldehyde, hair dyes, sunscreen agents, disinfectants, perfumes, pesticides),
tuberculin/PPD test, pneumonitis, Mantoux test, anergy skin test, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (farmer’s lung), Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).
What was the allergic reaction noted in the MT?
The MT showed an allergic reaction after using gloves, and it was found that the MT is positive for patch testing. Type IV
Patch testing - confirmatory test for dermatitis
