17th Page

Question 1

What are pro-inflammatory cytokines?

Answer 1

IL1

Question 2

What is the source of IL-1?

Answer 2

Monocyte, macrophage, dendritic

Question 3

What is the source of IL-2?

Answer 3

T helper cells.

Question 4

What is the source of IL-3?

Answer 4

Activated T cells.

Question 5

What is the source of IL-5?

Answer 5

Th2 cells and mast cells.

Question 6

What is the source of IL-8?

Answer 6

Macrophages and endothelia.

Question 7

What is the source of TNF-a?

Answer 7

Macrophages and NK cells.

Question 8

What is the source of TNF-B?

Answer 8

T cells.

Question 9

What is the source of Type 1 IFN?

Answer 9

Dendritic cells.

Question 10

What is the source of Type 2 IFN?

Answer 10

T cells and NK cells.

Question 11

What is the source of TGF-B?

Answer 11

T cells (Tregs), macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.

Question 12

Function: to kill cytokine (CD25)

Answer 12

IL2

Question 13

Function: Tree of Life cytokine (HSC)

Answer 13

IL3

Question 14

Function: Eosinophil activating cytokine?

Answer 14

IL5

Question 15

Function: neutrophil chemotactic factor?

Answer 15

IL8

Question 16

What is cachectin?

Answer 16

Also known as TNF-a, it is a major stimulus for TNF-a production.

Question 17

Lipopolysaccharide found in gram-negative

Answer 17

TNF-a

Question 18

What happens with higher levels of TNF-a secretion?

Answer 18

It can lead to septic shock.

Question 19

What is lymphotoxin?

Answer 19

Another name for TNF-B

Question 20

involved in killing and endothelial activation

Answer 20

TNF-B

Question 21

Type 1 IFNs

Answer 21

They induce proteins and pathways that directly interfere with viral replication and cell division.

Question 22

What is IFN-alpha?

Answer 22

Leukocyte interferon, secreted by leukocytes.

Question 23

What is IFN-beta?

Answer 23

Fibroblast IFN or Epithelial cell IFN, secreted by fibroblasts.

Question 24

What do IFN-alpha and IFN-beta inhibit?

Answer 24

Viral replication.

Question 25

Most potent activator of macrophages and boosts their tumoricidal activity

Answer 25

Type 2 IFN

Question 26

TGF-Beta

Answer 26

primary regulator of cell growth, differentiation, apoptosis, migration, and the inflammatory response.

Question 27

A factor that induces antiproliferative activity of cells

Answer 27

TGF-Beta

Question 28

How does TGF-Beta affect IL-12 and IFN-gamma?

Answer 28

It blocks the production of IL-12 and inhibits the induction of IFN-gamma.

Question 29

Recognized as important in oral tolerance to bacteria normally found in the mouth.

Answer 29

TGF-Beta

Question 30

hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 30

Heightened state of immune responsiveness;

Question 31

an exaggerated response to a harmless antigen that results in injury to the tissue, disease, or even death.

Answer 31

hypersensitivity reactions

Question 32

How many types of hypersensitivity reactions are there?

Answer 32

Four different categories (Types I, II, III, IV).

Question 33

What is Type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 33

Anaphylactic reaction mediated by IgE and the release of mediators like histamine from basophils/mast cells.

Question 34

What are examples of Type I hypersensitivity?

Answer 34

Asthma, food allergies, hay fever, pollen, animal dander, house dust mites, drugs (e.g., Penicillin), rhinitis, latex allergy, insect (bee) stings, anaphylaxis, atomic dermatitis

Question 35

What is Type II hypersensitivity?

Answer 35

Cytotoxic reaction involving antibody (IgG/IgM) and complement, leading to cell lysis.

Question 36

What are examples of Type II hypersensitivity?

Answer 36

Transfusion reactions, autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA), hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), Grave's disease, Goodpasture's syndrome, myasthenia gravis.

Question 37

What is Type III hypersensitivity?

Answer 37

Immune complex reaction characterized by the deposition of immune complexes in host tissues. Immune mediator: IgM/IgG There is complement activation

Question 38

What are examples of Type III hypersensitivity?

Answer 38

Serum sickness, Arthus reaction, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis, post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis associated in SLE, neoplastic diseases.

Question 39

What is Type IV hypersensitivity?

Answer 39

Delayed or cell-mediated reaction involving the release of lymphokines from sensitized T cells. Immune mediator: T cells

Question 40

What are examples of Type IV hypersensitivity?

Answer 40

Contact dermatitis (poison ivy, nickel, mercury, copper, rubber, formaldehyde, hair dyes, sunscreen agents, disinfectants, perfumes, pesticides), tuberculin/PPD test, pneumonitis, Mantoux test, anergy skin test, hypersensitivity pneumonitis (farmer's lung), Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD).

Question 41

What was the allergic reaction noted in the MT?

Answer 41

The MT showed an allergic reaction after using gloves, and it was found that the MT is positive for patch testing. Type IV Patch testing - confirmatory test for dermatitis