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Immunology And Serology BOARD EXAM > 1st Page > Flashcards

1st Page Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A

The study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

How body components respond and interact

Undesirable consequences of immune interactions

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2
Q

How can the immune system be manipulated?

A

The way in which the immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect against or treat disease.

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3
Q

What is the Latin origin of the word ‘immunis’?

A

‘exempt’

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4
Q

What does ‘immunitas’ mean?

A

‘Immunitas’ means freedom from.

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5
Q

What does serology deal with?

A

The measurement and characterization of antibodies, antigens, and other immunological substances in body fluids or serum.

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6
Q

What is the Latin origin of the word ‘sero’?

A

The Latin word ‘sero’ means serum.

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7
Q

Who introduced variolation in Turkey?

A

Lady Mary Montagu in 1718.

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8
Q

Who developed the smallpox vaccination?

A

Edward Jenner in 1798.

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9
Q

What did Louis Pasteur contribute to immunology?

A

He developed live, attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccines.

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10
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

The process by which certain cells engulf and digest pathogens.

Discovered by Haeckel in 1862

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11
Q

What is the humoral theory of immunity?

A

Proposed by Emil Von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato in 1890, it involves passive immunization methods to fight disease.

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12
Q

What did Jules Bordet discover?

A

He discovered ‘alexin,’ now known as complement, in 1896.

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13
Q

What is the significance of the Side-Chain theory?

A

Proposed by Paul Ehrlich in 1900, it explains antibody formation.

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14
Q

What phenomenon did Charles Richet, Portier discover?

A

He discovered immediate hypersensitivity anaphylaxis in 1902.

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15
Q

When did Arthus discover arthus reaction if intermediate hypersensitivity

A

1903

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16
Q

What did Almoth Wright show about the immune response?

A

He showed that the immune response involved both cellular and humoral elements in 1903

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17
Q

What is the Template Theory of antibody formation?

A

Proposed by Friedrich Brein in1930

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18
Q

What is the Clonal Selection Theory?

A

Proposed by Frank Burnet in 1957

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19
Q

What are the key mediators of immunity?

A

Phagocytes and lymphocytes (PL

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20
Q

What are the two essential features of the adaptive immune response?

A

Specificity and memory.

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21
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules recognized by receptors on lymphocytes.

22
Q

What are the two phases of the immune response?

A

Antigen recognition and antigen eradication.

23
Q

What is inflammation?

A

A response to tissue damage.

24
Q

What significant milestone in immunology occurred in 1500?

A

Chinese developed a practice of inhaling powder made from smallpox cabs.

CA: Variola Cowpox CA: Vaccinia

CA: Varola, Cowpox CA: vaccinia

25
Q

What was Ellie Metchnikoff known for between 1883 and 1905?

A

Cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis

26
Q

What was the significance of the year 1885 in immunology ?

A

It marked the first report of live attenuated vaccine for rabies and therapeutic vaccination by Louis Pasteur

27
Q

What did Koch demonstrate in 1891?

A

Cutaneous (delayed-type) hypersensitivity.

28
Q

What did Clements von piquet discovered in 1903

A

Described serum sickness, first to coined the term “allergy”

29
Q

These pathogens infect individual cells (viruses)

A

Intracellular

30
Q

These pathogens divide outside cells (blood, tissues, body cavities)

A

Extracellular

31
Q

Internalize pathogens and degrade

A

Phagocytes

32
Q

Have specific receptors that recognize pathogens

A

Lymphocytes

33
Q

Cells that recognize intact Ag

A

B cells

34
Q

Cells that recognize Ag fragments displayed on surface of the cells

A

T cells

35
Q

Inflammation results into 2 what?

PA

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Ag destruction
36
Q

Who discovered the chemical structure of antibody?

A

Gerald Edelman, Paul Porter 1972

37
Q

Who devised the Prausnitz-Kustner reaction (wheal and flare)?

A

Karl Prausnitz, Heinz Kustner in 1921

38
Q

the gene directing regulatory-T-cell development

A

FOXP3

39
Q

What did Marrack discovered in 1938

A

Hypothesis of antigen-antibody binding

40
Q

When was Plasma cells were discovered to be the source of Ab

A

1948

41
Q

What did Salk, Sabin discovered in 1949?

A

Polio vaccine

42
Q

Who developed a vaccine against Yellow Fever?

A

Reed, 1951

43
Q

What technique did Rosalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson develop in 1959?

A

Radioimmunoassay technique

44
Q

What was discovered about the chemical structure of antibodies?

A

Discovered the chemical structure of antibody

45
Q

What technology did Cesar Milstein and George Kohler devise?

A

Hybridoma technology

46
Q

Who discovered the first monoclonal antibody?

A

George Kohler, 1975

47
Q

Who discover the genetic principle for antibody diversity?

A

Susumo Tonegawa, 1976

48
Q

Who discovered Th1 versus Th2 model of T-helper cell function?

A

Mosmann, 1986

49
Q

What is discovered in 1996-1998?

A

Identification of toll-like receptors (natural immunity)

50
Q

Who discovered cellular immunity in TB?

A

Robert Koch, 1905

Immunology And Serology BOARD EXAM (32 decks)

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