1st Page Flashcards
What is immunology?
The study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.
How body components respond and interact
Undesirable consequences of immune interactions
How can the immune system be manipulated?
The way in which the immune system can be advantageously manipulated to protect against or treat disease.
What is the Latin origin of the word ‘immunis’?
‘exempt’
What does ‘immunitas’ mean?
‘Immunitas’ means freedom from.
What does serology deal with?
The measurement and characterization of antibodies, antigens, and other immunological substances in body fluids or serum.
What is the Latin origin of the word ‘sero’?
The Latin word ‘sero’ means serum.
Who introduced variolation in Turkey?
Lady Mary Montagu in 1718.
Who developed the smallpox vaccination?
Edward Jenner in 1798.
What did Louis Pasteur contribute to immunology?
He developed live, attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccines.
What is phagocytosis?
The process by which certain cells engulf and digest pathogens.
Discovered by Haeckel in 1862
What is the humoral theory of immunity?
Proposed by Emil Von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato in 1890, it involves passive immunization methods to fight disease.
What did Jules Bordet discover?
He discovered ‘alexin,’ now known as complement, in 1896.
What is the significance of the Side-Chain theory?
Proposed by Paul Ehrlich in 1900, it explains antibody formation.
What phenomenon did Charles Richet, Portier discover?
He discovered immediate hypersensitivity anaphylaxis in 1902.
When did Arthus discover arthus reaction if intermediate hypersensitivity
1903
What did Almoth Wright show about the immune response?
He showed that the immune response involved both cellular and humoral elements in 1903
What is the Template Theory of antibody formation?
Proposed by Friedrich Brein in1930
What is the Clonal Selection Theory?
Proposed by Frank Burnet in 1957
What are the key mediators of immunity?
Phagocytes and lymphocytes (PL
What are the two essential features of the adaptive immune response?
Specificity and memory.
What are antigens?
Molecules recognized by receptors on lymphocytes.
What are the two phases of the immune response?
Antigen recognition and antigen eradication.
What is inflammation?
A response to tissue damage.
What significant milestone in immunology occurred in 1500?
Chinese developed a practice of inhaling powder made from smallpox cabs.
CA: Variola Cowpox CA: Vaccinia
CA: Varola, Cowpox CA: vaccinia
What was Ellie Metchnikoff known for between 1883 and 1905?
Cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis
What was the significance of the year 1885 in immunology ?
It marked the first report of live attenuated vaccine for rabies and therapeutic vaccination by Louis Pasteur
What did Koch demonstrate in 1891?
Cutaneous (delayed-type) hypersensitivity.
What did Clements von piquet discovered in 1903
Described serum sickness, first to coined the term “allergy”
These pathogens infect individual cells (viruses)
Intracellular
These pathogens divide outside cells (blood, tissues, body cavities)
Extracellular
Internalize pathogens and degrade
Phagocytes
Have specific receptors that recognize pathogens
Lymphocytes
Cells that recognize intact Ag
B cells
Cells that recognize Ag fragments displayed on surface of the cells
T cells
Inflammation results into 2 what?
PA
- Phagocytosis
- Ag destruction
Who discovered the chemical structure of antibody?
Gerald Edelman, Paul Porter 1972
Who devised the Prausnitz-Kustner reaction (wheal and flare)?
Karl Prausnitz, Heinz Kustner in 1921
the gene directing regulatory-T-cell development
FOXP3
What did Marrack discovered in 1938
Hypothesis of antigen-antibody binding
When was Plasma cells were discovered to be the source of Ab
1948
What did Salk, Sabin discovered in 1949?
Polio vaccine
Who developed a vaccine against Yellow Fever?
Reed, 1951
What technique did Rosalyn Yalow and Solomon Berson develop in 1959?
Radioimmunoassay technique
What was discovered about the chemical structure of antibodies?
Discovered the chemical structure of antibody
What technology did Cesar Milstein and George Kohler devise?
Hybridoma technology
Who discovered the first monoclonal antibody?
George Kohler, 1975
Who discover the genetic principle for antibody diversity?
Susumo Tonegawa, 1976
Who discovered Th1 versus Th2 model of T-helper cell function?
Mosmann, 1986
What is discovered in 1996-1998?
Identification of toll-like receptors (natural immunity)
Who discovered cellular immunity in TB?
Robert Koch, 1905
