20th Page Flashcards
Tumor marker for Hepatic CARCINOMA, testicular cancers, germ cell cancers
Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
Associated with hepatic carcinoma, testicular cancers, and germ cell cancers.
Tumor marker for Lung cancer, CYFRA 21-1(Cytokeratin 19 Fragment 21-1)
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
G6T -N, ALP = Bone.
Tumor marker for Pancreatic cancer
Amylase
Elevated in pancreatic cancer.
Tumor marker for Multiple Myeloma
BJP (Bence Jones proteins)
What does BRCA-1 indicate?
breast and ovarian cancer.
What does CA 125 indicate?
ovarian cancer.
CA15-3
CA27-29
Cathepsin D
Estrogen receptor
breast cancer
What does CA 19-9 indicate?
pancreatic cancer, gastric, colorectal cancer
What does CA 50 indicate?
pancreatic cancer, gastric
Tumor marker for medullary thyroid cancer
Calcitonin
Associated with colorectal, stomach, breast, and lung cancer.
Tumor marker for colorectal, stomach, breast, lung cancer
CEA
Tumor marker for small cell lung cancer, prostate cancer
CK-1
Tumor marker for hepatoma
GGT
Elevated in liver diseases.
What does HER-2/Neu indicate?
breast cancer (efficiency of trastuzumab or herceptin therapy)
Indicates efficiency of trastuzumab or Herceptin therapy.
tumor marker Nuclear matrix protein (NMP) is for
urinary bladder cancer
Tumor marker for prostate cancer
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), ACP
Associated with prostate cancer.
Tumor marker for Lung Cancer, Breast Cancer (Henry’s)
CFRA-21-1
Associated with prostate cancer.
burkitt lymphoma
hodgin lymphoma
leiomyosarcomas
post-transplant lymphoproliferative dse
nasophryngeal carcinoma
Epstein-Barr Virus
hepatocellular carcinoma
HBV and HCV
Cervical cancer
genital and anal cancers
head and neck cancer
HPV (Human Papillomavirus)
What does HBV stand for?
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Associated with hepatocellular carcinoma.
What does HCV stand for?
Hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Associated with hepatocellular carcinoma.
What virus is associated with Kaposi sarcoma?
Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is associated with Kaposi sarcoma.
What does HPV stand for?
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
Associated with cervical, genital, and anal cancers.
What cancers are associated with HTLV-1?
adult T-cell leukemia or lymphoma.
What cancers are associated with HTLV-2?
hairy cell leukemia.
What is Merkel cell carcinoma?
skin cancer associated with Merkel cell polyomavirus.
What is the most likely source of infection in serological testing?
contact with patient specimens.
What are Universal Precautions?
instituted by the CDC in 1985 to protect health-care workers from exposure to blood-borne pathogens, primarily hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HIV.
What is Body Substance Isolation (BSI)?
modification of universal precautions that is not limited to bloodborne pathogens and considers all body fluids and moist body substances to be potentially infectious.
What is a disadvantage of Body Substance Isolation (BSI)?
it does not recommend handwashing after removing gloves unless visual contamination is present.
What are Standard Precautions?
The major features of Universal Precautions and Body Substance Isolation have now been combined
What is the ultimate goal of biological safety?
prevent completion of the chain by preventing transmission.
What is a Reservoir in the context of infectious agents?
Where infectious agent can live and multiply, such as a contaminated clinical specimen or an infected patient (e.g., body fluids, fomites).
What is the most frequently encountered specimen in immunological testing?
Serum
How should serum be handled if testing cannot be performed immediately?
Serum may be stored between 2 - 8 °C for up to 3 days
serum should be promptly separated for how many mins without transferring any cellular elements
What should be done if testing cannot be done within 72 hours?
serum should be frozen at -20 °C.
How should biological waste be disposed of?
All biological waste, except urine, must be placed in appropriate containers labeled with the biohazard symbol.
What does OSHA require for chemicals and reagents containing hazardous ingredients?
if its concentration is greater than 1%, must have a Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) on file in the work area.
What must be available for reference in the immunology section of the laboratory (CLSI guidelines)?
A procedure manual (paper or digital) containing all the procedures performed in the immunology section of the laboratory must be available for reference in the working area.
What does Quality Control refer to?
materials, procedures, and techniques that monitor the accuracy, precision, and reliability.
What are External Controls?
used to verify the accuracy and precision of a test. The control material is exposed to the same conditions as the patient samples.
What are Internal Controls?
also called procedural controls, consist of internal monitoring systems built into the test system.
What are Electronic Controls?
use a mechanical or electrical device in place of a liquid specimen. This type of QC can be an internal or an external component inserted into a point-of-care (POC) instrument.
What does Personnel Assessment include?
includes education and training, continuing education, competency assessment, and performance appraisals.
What is the most common method for reporting results?
Electronic transmission
HTLV-3
Previous HIV
Internal controls
Monitor the sufficient addition of a px spx or reagent, the instrument and reagent interaction and for lateral flow test methods, whether sample migrated through test strip properly
