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Immunology And Serology BOARD EXAM > 31st Page > Flashcards

31st Page Flashcards

1
Q

What virus causes AIDS?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

HIV infects primarily T-cells by binding to CD4 and several co-receptors (CXCR4, CCR5).

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2
Q

What is the family and genus of HIV?

RL

A

Family: Retroviridae, Genus: Lentiviridae

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3
Q

What is the hallmark of AIDS?

A

CD4 count < 200 cells/uL

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4
Q

When and where was HIV-1 identified? (US)

A

Identified in 1983 by Luc Montagnier’s Laboratory in France from lymph node biopsy specimens of patients with lymphadenopathy associated with AIDS.

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5
Q

HIV infects primarily T cells by binding to CD4 and several co-receptors:

A

CXCR4, CCR5

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6
Q

What were the previous names of HIV-1?

LHA

A

LAV (Lymphadenopathy Associated Virus)
HTLV-III (Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus)
ARV (AIDS-associated Retrovirus)

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7
Q

When was HIV-2 discovered and by whom?

A

Discovered in 1986 by a team of researchers led by Dr. Luc Montagnier in Africa.

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8
Q

How does HIV-2 compare to HIV-1?

A

HIV-2 is less pathogenic, has lower transmission rates, but shares the same MOT as HIV-1.

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9
Q

What is the structure of the HIV virus?

A

The HIV virus has 72 knob-like spikes and includes components such as Env, Gag, Pol, and Envelope (protein coat).

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10
Q

What are the major HIV genes? (8),

A

gag
env
pol
tat
rev
vif
nef
vpu

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11
Q

What are the protein products of the gag gene?

A

p7,p,9,p17,p24

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12
Q

What are the protein products of the env gene?

A

gp120, gp41

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13
Q

What are the protein products of the pol gene?

A

p10,p31,p51,p66

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14
Q

What are the protein products of the tat

A

transactivates transcription

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15
Q

What are the protein products of rev

A

production of viral RNA

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16
Q

What are the protein products of vif

A

Infectivity factor

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17
Q

What are the protein products of nef

A

Unknown regulatory function

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18
Q

What are the protein products of the vpu

A

Maturation of viral particles

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19
Q

What is the function of p17?

A

Inner surface envelope

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20
Q

What is the function of p24?

A

Inner coat for nucleic acid

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21
Q

What is the function of p9?

A

Core-binding protein

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22
Q

What is the function of p7?

R

A

Binds to genomic RNA

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23
Q

What is the function of gp120?

T

A

Binds to CD4 on T cells

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24
Q

What is the function of gp41?

A

Transmembrane protein

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25
Q

What is the function of p51 and p66?

A

Subunit of reverse transcriptase

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26
Q

What is the function of p31

I

27
Q

What is the function of p10

P

28
Q

What is the function of p14

TT

A

transactivates transcription

29
Q

What is the function of p19

R

A

production of viral RNA

30
Q

What is the function of p23

IF

A

infectivity factor

31
Q

What is the function of p27

A

unknown regulatory function

32
Q

What is the function of p16

VP

A

maturation of viral proteins

33
Q

What is the first step in HIV viral replication?

A

ATTACHMENT

gp120 binds to the CD4 antigen (receptor)
* main target: T helper cells (they express high numbers of CD4)

34
Q
  • Mediated by binding of coreceptors
  • Chemokine receptors direct WBCs to the site of inflammation
A

Entry or Penetration

35
Q

required for entry of HIV into T lymph

36
Q

Present in Entry of Penetration

A

CXCR4
CCR5
CCR2

37
Q
  • “flu-like” or IM-like symptoms
A

Primary infection

38
Q
  • Acute retroviral syndrome may develop
A

Primary infection

39
Q
  • Rapid burst of viral replication (viremia)
A

Primary infection

40
Q
  • HIV disseminates in lymphoid organs
A

Primary infection

41
Q

What occurs during the clinical latency stage of HIV?

DAV

A
  • Decrease viremia
  • Absence of clinical symptoms
  • Virus still in plasma (in little amount) where it causes a gradual deterioration of immune system
42
Q
  • Absence of clinical symptoms
A

Clinical latency

42
Q
  • Decrease viremia
A

Clinical latency

43
Q
  • Profound immunosuppression
44
Q
  • Resurgence of viremia
45
Q
  • Life-threatening infection and malignancies
46
Q
  • About 10yrs after infection
47
Q
  • CD4 = <200/uL
48
Q

What is HAART?

A

Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy, a multidrug regimen that includes 2 or 3 drug classes.

49
Q

Name a type of NRTI used in HIV treatment.

A

Zidovudine (ZDV)

Other examples include Lamivudine (3TC) and Abacavir (ABC).

50
Q

What are some opportunistic infections associated with HIV?

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci (carinii)
Cryptosporidiosis
Tuberculosis
Kaposi’s sarcoma (HHBA cause this)

51
Q

What are the steps in the HIV testing process?

A
  1. Counseling
  2. Laboratory testing
  3. HACT informs patient of the result.
52
Q

What does a reactive HIV test result indicate?

A

Enroll for treatment.

53
Q

What does NR mean in the context of HIV testing?

A

Not reactive; repeat the test after 3 months.

54
Q

They are needed for entry to macrophages in HIV replication

55
Q

The viral nucleic acid escapes from the capsid

56
Q

The pro-virus is integrated into the host’s genome and is copied along with the cells DNA

A

Biosynthesis

57
Q

All the newly formed protein will be gathered to form new capsid

58
Q
  • As the virions bud from the cell membrane, host cells may be destroyed by lysis.
  • Viral replication occurs to the greatest extent in antigen activated T helper cells.
59
Q
  • 3 - 6 weeks after initial infection
A

Primary infection

60
Q

Ziduvudine (ZDV)
Azidothymidine (AZT)
Lamivudine (3TC)
Didanosine (ddI)
Abacavir (ABC)
Stavudine (d4T)

A

Nucleoside analog RT inhibitor

ZALDAS

61
Q

Delavirdine (DLV)
Efaverenz (EFV)
Nevirapine (NVP)

A

Non-nucleoside RT inhibitor

DEN

62
Q

Saquinavir (SQV)
Indinavir (IDV)
Ritonavir (RTV)
Nelfinavir (NFV)
Amprenavir (AMP)
Lopinavir

A

Protease inhibitor

SIRNAL

Immunology And Serology BOARD EXAM (32 decks)

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