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Immunology And Serology BOARD EXAM > 16th Page > Flashcards

16th Page Flashcards

1
Q

2 categories of laboratory methods for complement detection

A

1) Measurement of components as antigens in serum
2) Measurement of functional activity

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2
Q

What methods are most frequently used to measure individual complement components?

A

Radial Immunodiffusion and Nephelometry

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3
Q

can also be used to measure individual complement components (CH50)

A

ELISA

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4
Q

What is the Hemolytic Titration assay used for?

A

It is the most commonly used assay for the classical pathway

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5
Q

measuring the amount of patient serum required to lyse 50% of a standardized concentration of antibody-sensitized sheep erythrocytes.

A

Hemolytic Titration assay

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6
Q

Hemolytic Titration assay is also known as

A

CH50 Assay

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7
Q

Titer expressed in the Hemolytic Titration assay?

A

The titer is expressed in CH50 units

which is the reciprocal of the dilution that is able to lyse 50% of the sensitized cells.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of adding magnesium chloride and EGTA in the buffer?

A

These substances chelate calcium, which blocks classical pathway activation.

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9
Q

EGTA stands for

A

ethylene glycol tetraacetic acid

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10
Q

What can decreased levels of complement components or activity indicate?

A

They may be caused by decreased production, consumption, or in vitro consumption.

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11
Q

What are the specimen collection requirements for complement testing?

A

Blood should be collected in a clot tube with no serum separator, spun down, and the serum should be placed on dry ice if not tested within 1-2 hours.

56 degree for 30 mins

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12
Q

What is the indicator used in the Complement Fixation Test?

A

Sheep RBC coated with anti-sheep antibody / Amboceptor / Hemolysin.

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13
Q

What does a positive result in the Complement Fixation Test indicate?

A

No hemolysis

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14
Q

What does a negative result in the Complement Fixation Test indicate?

A

With hemolysis

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15
Q

What is the procedure for centrifugation in the context of complement testing?

A

Centrifuge more than once, and after centrifugation, heat at 56°C for 30 minutes.

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16
Q

What are cytokines?

A

chemical messengers that regulate the immune system

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17
Q

both innate immunity and the adaptive response to infection

A

Cytokines

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18
Q

Cytokines

A

small proteins produced by several different types of cells.

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19
Q

What are lymphokines?

A

produced by T cells.

20
Q

What are monokines?

A

produced by monocytes/macrophages.

21
Q

Cytokines are NOT produced by B cells

22
Q

What induces the production of cytokines?

A

In response to the binding of stimuli, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharides or flagellin, to specific cell receptors.

Or recognition of foreign antigens

23
Q

What are the effects of cytokines?

A

regulate growth, differentiation, and gene expression by many different cell types, including leukocytes.

24
Q

What is autocrine activity?

A

stimulation affecting the same cell that secreted the cytokine.

25
Q

What is paracrine activity?

A

activities affecting a target cell in close proximity.

26
Q

What is endocrine activity?

A

systemic activities where cytokines are secreted to circulation and affect distant cells.

27
Q

Cytokines effects are achieved to 3:

A

autocrine

paracrine

endocrine

28
Q

What is pleiotropy in cytokines?

A

when a single cytokine can have many different actions.

29
Q

What is redundancy in cytokines?

A

occurs when many cytokines share receptor subunits.

30
Q

What can cytokine storms lead to?

A

lead to shock, multiorgan failure, or even death.

31
Q

What are the major classifications of cytokines?

A
  1. Interleukins (IL)
  2. Interferons (IFN)
  3. Chemokines
  4. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
  5. Colony stimulating factors (CSF)
  6. Transforming growth factor (TGF)
32
Q

What are major anti-inflammatory cytokines?

A

TGF-B, IL-10, IL-13 and IL-35.

33
Q

What are major inflammatory cytokines?

A

TNF-a, IL-1, IL-6, and IFN-Gamma.

34
Q

Eosinophilic chemotactic

35
Q

Neutrophil chemotactic

36
Q

IL2

37
Q

HSC

38
Q

Basophil

39
Q

maturation of B and T cell

40
Q

IL6 with IL1

41
Q

IL-6
IL11
Leukemia inhibitory factor
Oncostatin M
Ciliary neuurotrophic factor
Cardiotrophin

A

Utilizes Gp130

42
Q

Cytokines act in network, complement and enhance each other

A

Synergistic reaction

43
Q

Cytokines counteract action of another cytokine

A

Antagonism

44
Q

Cytokines of Innate immune response

A

Chemokines
Interferon type 1
IL1
IL6
IL10
IL12
IL15
IL18
TNF

45
Q

Cytokines of Adaptive immune response

A

TGF-Beta
IL10
IL13
IL35

Immunology And Serology BOARD EXAM (32 decks)

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