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Question 1

What are neutrophils also known as?

Answer 1

PMNs or Segs.

Question 2

When do neutrophil levels increase?

Answer 2

Neutrophil levels increase in bacterial infection.

Question 3

What is the main function of neutrophils?

Answer 3

The main function of neutrophils is phagocytosis.

Question 4

Neutrophils in blood is like ________ in tissues

Answer 4

Resident macrophages

Question 5

What are the primary granules in neutrophils?

MSLEPCD

MiSs LovE ko Po, Cat & Dog

Answer 5

myeloperoxidase
superoxide
lysozyme
elastase
proteinase-3
cathepsin G
defensins

Question 6

Primary granules are:

Answer 6

azurophilic

Question 7

What are the secondary granules in neutrophils?

LLCGR

LittLe Cat Grooming Rat

Answer 7

lysozyme
lactoferrin
collagenase
gelatinase
respiratory burst components

Question 8

Secondary granules in neutrophils are:

Answer 8

Specific

Question 9

What receptors are present in neutrophils?

FCCM

Answer 9

FcyR, CR1, and CRP-receptor, also present in macrophages

Question 10

What is margination?

Answer 10

Adherence of cells to vessel walls.

Question 11

What is diapedesis?

Answer 11

Movement of cells from blood to tissues.

Question 12

What is chemotaxis?

Answer 12

Directed migration of a cell in response to a chemical stimulus.

Question 13

What are chemotaxins?

Answer 13

Chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction.

Question 14

What is phagocytosis?

Answer 14

Cells capture and ingest foreign particles to eliminate invading pathogens.

Question 15

What is the increase in eosinophils associated with?

Answer 15

Increase in allergic and parasitic infections.

Question 16

What is the most important role of eosinophils?

Answer 16

Regulation of mast cell function (Histamine).

Question 17

What are Charcot-Leyden crystals associated with?

Answer 17

Presence in eosinophilic inflammatory reactions.

Question 18

What are the main granules found in eosinophils?

Answer 18

Major Basic Protein
Eosinophil Cationic Protein,
Acid hydrolases
Peroxidase
Phospholipase
Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN)
Eosinophil Protein X (EPX)
Cathepsin
catalase
lysozyme
cytokines
growth factors
cationic proteins

Question 19

What is the role of basophils in the immune system?

Answer 19

Basophils regulate some T helper cell responses and stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.

Question 20

What receptors do basophils have?

Answer 20

Specific high-affinity receptors for the Fc portion of IgE in their membranes

Question 21

What are the main granules found in basophils?

HHCNKP

Answer 21

Heparin
Chondroitin sulfate
Histamine
Neutrophil chemotactic factor
Kallikrein
Platelet-activating factor

Question 22

What are monocytes?

Answer 22

Monocytes are the largest cells in the peripheral blood.

Question 23

What types of granules do monocytes have?

Answer 23

dustlike granules

1st type: peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and arylsulfatase

2nd type: B-glucuronidase, lysozyme, and lipase (no ALP)

Question 24

Last to appear at the site of the injury

Answer 24

Monocytes

Question 25

What is the significance of the granules in monocytes?

Answer 25

The first type of granules contains enzymes important for immune response, while the second type lacks alkaline phosphatase.

Question 26

What are the main functions of macrophages?

Answer 26

Microbial killing
anti-tumor activity
intracellular parasite eradication
phagocytosis
secretion of cell mediators
presentation of antigens to T and B cells

Question 27

How is the killing activity of macrophages enhanced?

Answer 27

Killing activity is enhanced when macrophages become activated by contact with microorganisms or by cytokines released by T cells during the immune response.

Question 28

What do macrophages not contain that monocytes do?

Answer 28

Macrophages do NOT contain peroxidase.

Question 29

How does the motility of macrophages compare to neutrophils?

Answer 29

Macrophages have slower motility compared to neutrophils and exhibit amoeboid action (other immobile)

Question 30

What are the two types of macrophages?

Answer 30

1. Classically activated Macrophages (M1)
2. Alternatively Activated Macrophages (M2)

Question 31

What activates Classically activated Macrophages (M1)?

Answer 31

IFN-gamma.

Question 32

What do Classically activated Macrophages (M1) produce?

Answer 32

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal enzymes [PHAGOCYTOSIS]

IL-1, IL-12, IL-23, and chemokines [INFLAMMATION]

Question 33

What activates Alternatively Activated Macrophages (M2)?

Answer 33

IL-3 and IL-4.

Question 34

What do Alternatively Activated Macrophages (M2) produce?

Answer 34

Growth factors, TGF-B (for tissue repair and fibrosis)

IL-10, and TGF-B (anti-inflammatory)

Question 35

What distinguishes mast cells from basophils?

Answer 35

The enzyme content of the granules in mast cells

Question 36

What does mast cells enzyme contents are:

Answer 36

acid phosphatase
alkaline phosphatase
protease
histamine

Question 37

What are the functions of mast cells?

Answer 37

Mast cells are involved in allergic reactions and act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs).

They are the most potent among APCs.

Question 38

What do dendritic cells resemble?

Answer 38

Resemble nerve cell dendrites.

Question 39

Dendritic cells are most effective in ____

and most potent what?

Answer 39

most effective antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

the most potent phagocytic cells.