4th page Flashcards
Cells of Innate Immune System
What are neutrophils also known as?
PMNs or Segs.
When do neutrophil levels increase?
Neutrophil levels increase in bacterial infection.
What is the main function of neutrophils?
The main function of neutrophils is phagocytosis.
Neutrophils in blood is like ________ in tissues
Resident macrophages
What are the primary granules in neutrophils?
MSLEPCD
MiSs LovE ko Po, Cat & Dog
myeloperoxidase
superoxide
lysozyme
elastase
proteinase-3
cathepsin G
defensins
Primary granules are:
azurophilic
What are the secondary granules in neutrophils?
LLCGR
LittLe Cat Grooming Rat
lysozyme
lactoferrin
collagenase
gelatinase
respiratory burst components
Secondary granules in neutrophils are:
Specific
What receptors are present in neutrophils?
FCCM
FcyR, CR1, and CRP-receptor, also present in macrophages
What is margination?
Adherence of cells to vessel walls.
What is diapedesis?
Movement of cells from blood to tissues.
What is chemotaxis?
Directed migration of a cell in response to a chemical stimulus.
What are chemotaxins?
Chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction.
What is phagocytosis?
Cells capture and ingest foreign particles to eliminate invading pathogens.
What is the increase in eosinophils associated with?
Increase in allergic and parasitic infections.
What is the most important role of eosinophils?
Regulation of mast cell function (Histamine).
What are Charcot-Leyden crystals associated with?
Presence in eosinophilic inflammatory reactions.
What are the main granules found in eosinophils?
Major Basic Protein
Eosinophil Cationic Protein,
Acid hydrolases
Peroxidase
Phospholipase
Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN)
Eosinophil Protein X (EPX)
Cathepsin
catalase
lysozyme
cytokines
growth factors
cationic proteins
What is the role of basophils in the immune system?
Basophils regulate some T helper cell responses and stimulate B cells to produce antibodies.
What receptors do basophils have?
Specific high-affinity receptors for the Fc portion of IgE in their membranes
What are the main granules found in basophils?
HHCNKP
Heparin
Chondroitin sulfate
Histamine
Neutrophil chemotactic factor
Kallikrein
Platelet-activating factor
What are monocytes?
Monocytes are the largest cells in the peripheral blood.
What types of granules do monocytes have?
dustlike granules
1st type: peroxidase, acid phosphatase, and arylsulfatase
2nd type: B-glucuronidase, lysozyme, and lipase (no ALP)
Last to appear at the site of the injury
Monocytes
What is the significance of the granules in monocytes?
The first type of granules contains enzymes important for immune response, while the second type lacks alkaline phosphatase.
What are the main functions of macrophages?
Microbial killing
anti-tumor activity
intracellular parasite eradication
phagocytosis
secretion of cell mediators
presentation of antigens to T and B cells
How is the killing activity of macrophages enhanced?
Killing activity is enhanced when macrophages become activated by contact with microorganisms or by cytokines released by T cells during the immune response.
What do macrophages not contain that monocytes do?
Macrophages do NOT contain peroxidase.
How does the motility of macrophages compare to neutrophils?
Macrophages have slower motility compared to neutrophils and exhibit amoeboid action (other immobile)
What are the two types of macrophages?
- Classically activated Macrophages (M1)
- Alternatively Activated Macrophages (M2)
What activates Classically activated Macrophages (M1)?
IFN-gamma.
What do Classically activated Macrophages (M1) produce?
Reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), lysosomal enzymes [PHAGOCYTOSIS]
IL-1, IL-12, IL-23, and chemokines [INFLAMMATION]
What activates Alternatively Activated Macrophages (M2)?
IL-3 and IL-4.
What do Alternatively Activated Macrophages (M2) produce?
Growth factors, TGF-B (for tissue repair and fibrosis)
IL-10, and TGF-B (anti-inflammatory)
What distinguishes mast cells from basophils?
The enzyme content of the granules in mast cells
What does mast cells enzyme contents are:
acid phosphatase
alkaline phosphatase
protease
histamine
What are the functions of mast cells?
Mast cells are involved in allergic reactions and act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
They are the most potent among APCs.
What do dendritic cells resemble?
Resemble nerve cell dendrites.
Dendritic cells are most effective in ____
and most potent what?
most effective antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
the most potent phagocytic cells.
