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FD9 > 9 - Cutaneous Vasculature > Flashcards

9 - Cutaneous Vasculature Flashcards

1
Q

Blood vascular system is lined by a once-cell-thick layer of epithelium-like mesenchymal cells

A

Endothelium

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2
Q

The endothelium is supported by various mural cells, typically _____ in microvessels and _____ in larger caliber vessels

A

Pericytes

Smooth muscle cells

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3
Q

Superficial vascular plexus located

A

Just beneath the epidermal surface

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4
Q

Deep vascular plexus located

A

Above the boundary between the reticular dermis and the underlying subcutis

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5
Q

Layers of arterioles and venules

A

Intima
Media
Adventitia

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6
Q

Layers of capillaries and postcapillary venules

A

Monolayer of fenestrated endothelial cells sitting on a simple basement membrane

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7
Q

Fenestrae of dermal capillary endothelial cells are formed primarily by a protein called ______; used as a marker of microvascular endothelial cells

A

Plasmalemmal vesicle protein-1 (PV-1)

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8
Q

Y/N: Pericyte cells outnumber endothelial cells in skin microvessels.

A

No - endothelial cells outnumber pericyte cells

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9
Q

Principal cell responsible for maintaining blood fluidity, and may be altered when needed to actively promote clot formation

A

Endothelial cell

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10
Q

Key inhibitors of coagulation basally expresses by endothelial cells

A

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
Thrombomodulin
Anticoagulant heparan sulfates

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11
Q

Prevents the dramatic increases of the enzymatic activity of factor VIIa on factors IX and X that is catalyzed by tissue factor

A

Tissue factor inhibitor

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12
Q

Redirects thrombin from cleaving and thereby converting fibrinogen to fibrin to target and activate protein C instead

A

Thrombomodulin

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13
Q

Activate antithrombin III to function as an inhibitor of thrombin and factor Xa

A

Anticoagulant heparan sulfates

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14
Q

Most transit takes place across this portion of the superficial vascular plexus

A

Capillaries

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15
Q

Tight junction are expressed in the

A

Arterioles and capillaries

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16
Q

The ______ lack tight junctions and express adherens junctions

A

Postcapillary venules

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17
Q

Vasodilators produced by endothelial cells

A

Nitric oxide

Prostacyclin

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18
Q

Vasoconstrictors produced by endothelial cells

A

Endothelin

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

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19
Q

(Vasodilation/Vasoconstriction) is normally dominant

A

Vasodilation

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20
Q

Skin blood flow

A

250-300 mL/min

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21
Q

(Nonglabrous/glabrous) skin is subject to reflex thermoregulation by the sympathetic nervous system

A

Nonglabrous

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22
Q

(Nonglabrous/glabrous) skin contributed to thermoregulation through shunts from the arterial directly in the venous beds

A

Glabrous

23
Q

Y/N: Thermosensitivity of the hand is significantly greater than that of the soles

A

Yes

24
Q

Estrogen has a (vasodilator/vasoconstriction) function

A

Vasodilator

25
Q

Type 1 diabetes: (greater/lesser) skin blood flow relative to healthy control

A

Greater

26
Q

Has promising clinical effects in scleroderma, but does not influence vasospasm in Raynaud disease

A

Bosentan - antagonizing endothelin A and endothelin B receptors

27
Q

Present with burning pain and vasodilation with erythema of the extremities

A

Erythromelalgia

28
Q

Erythromelalgia is caused by mutations affecting

A

SCN9A gene

29
Q

Erythromelalgia most severely affects the

A

Palms and soles

30
Q

Local sites of inflammation are perfused at a higher level. The principal mediator for this change is an increase in the synthesis of

A

Prostacyclin

31
Q

Made within the first 2 hours of acute inflammation and correlates with the onset of neutrophil recruitment

A

E-selectin

32
Q

Synthesized in about 6-12 hours of acute inflammation and correlates with the onset of mononuclear leukocyte recruitment

A

VCAM-1

33
Q

Sustained expression of _____, although not unique to skin, is generally described as a skin-specific feature of chronic inflammation

A

E-selectin

34
Q

In acute dermatitis, endothelial cells express high levels of _____ and moderate amounts of _____

A

E-selectin and P-selectin

VCAM-1 and ICAM-1

35
Q

In chronic skin lesions, endothelial cells express moderate amounts of _____ and high amounts of _____

A

E-selectin

VCAM-1

36
Q

Psoriatic capillary loops at the turnaround point touch the epidermis

A

Kissing

37
Q

In psoriasis, lymphocytes and neutrophils extravasation within the tips of the papillae

A

Squirting papillae

38
Q

Endothelial cells arise from angioblasts, which migrate to peripheral tissues and form primitive blood vessels

A

Vasculogenesis

39
Q

Mesenchymal cells are recruited into the vessel wall, where they subsequently differentiate into smooth muscle cells and pericyte cells

A

Vascular remodeling

40
Q

Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, mesoangioblasts, and multipotent adult progenitor cells contribute to new vessel formation

A

Adult vasculogenesis

41
Q

Vascular wall progenitor cells that differentiate info endothelial cells

A

CD34+/CD31- cells

42
Q

Stored in the cytoplasms of a variety of cells and are released when cells are injured, acting as “wound hormones”

A

FGF-1 and FGF-2

43
Q

Marks the endothelial cells of early arterial vessels

A

Ephrin-B2

44
Q

Marks the endothelial cells of early veins

A

Ephrin-B4

45
Q

Phases of wound healing

A

Coagulation
Inflammation
Proliferation
Remodeling

46
Q

Major source of VEGF during an early healing stage

A

Macrophage

47
Q

Tumor and the stroma compartment respond to hypoxia by expressing

A

Hypoxia-inducible factor

48
Q

Tumor angiogenesis: splitting of an existing blood vessel in two

A

Intussusceptive angiogenesis

49
Q

Tumor angiogenesis: formation of fluid-conducting channels by tumor cells

A

Vasculogenic mimicry

50
Q

Tumor angiogenesis: tumor cells migrate along the preexisting vessels

A

Vessel co-option

51
Q

Vascular mimicry appears to play a specific role in

A

Metastatic melanoma

52
Q

Generates cancer-associated myofibroblasts that stimulate inflammation and fibrosis and augment vascular dysfunction and as a result increase hypoxia

A

Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition

53
Q

One of the driving factors of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition

A

TGF-beta

FD9 (108 decks)

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