9 - Cutaneous Vasculature

Question 1

Blood vascular system is lined by a once-cell-thick layer of epithelium-like mesenchymal cells

Answer 1

Endothelium

Question 2

The endothelium is supported by various mural cells, typically _____ in microvessels and _____ in larger caliber vessels

Answer 2

Pericytes

Smooth muscle cells

Question 3

Superficial vascular plexus located

Answer 3

Just beneath the epidermal surface

Question 4

Deep vascular plexus located

Answer 4

Above the boundary between the reticular dermis and the underlying subcutis

Question 5

Layers of arterioles and venules

Answer 5

Intima
Media
Adventitia

Question 6

Layers of capillaries and postcapillary venules

Answer 6

Monolayer of fenestrated endothelial cells sitting on a simple basement membrane

Question 7

Fenestrae of dermal capillary endothelial cells are formed primarily by a protein called ______; used as a marker of microvascular endothelial cells

Answer 7

Plasmalemmal vesicle protein-1 (PV-1)

Question 8

Y/N: Pericyte cells outnumber endothelial cells in skin microvessels.

Answer 8

No - endothelial cells outnumber pericyte cells

Question 9

Principal cell responsible for maintaining blood fluidity, and may be altered when needed to actively promote clot formation

Answer 9

Endothelial cell

Question 10

Key inhibitors of coagulation basally expresses by endothelial cells

Answer 10

Tissue factor pathway inhibitor
Thrombomodulin
Anticoagulant heparan sulfates

Question 11

Prevents the dramatic increases of the enzymatic activity of factor VIIa on factors IX and X that is catalyzed by tissue factor

Answer 11

Tissue factor inhibitor

Question 12

Redirects thrombin from cleaving and thereby converting fibrinogen to fibrin to target and activate protein C instead

Answer 12

Thrombomodulin

Question 13

Activate antithrombin III to function as an inhibitor of thrombin and factor Xa

Answer 13

Anticoagulant heparan sulfates

Question 14

Most transit takes place across this portion of the superficial vascular plexus

Answer 14

Capillaries

Question 15

Tight junction are expressed in the

Answer 15

Arterioles and capillaries

Question 16

The ______ lack tight junctions and express adherens junctions

Answer 16

Postcapillary venules

Question 17

Vasodilators produced by endothelial cells

Answer 17

Nitric oxide

Prostacyclin

Question 18

Vasoconstrictors produced by endothelial cells

Answer 18

Endothelin

Angiotensin-converting enzyme

Question 19

(Vasodilation/Vasoconstriction) is normally dominant

Answer 19

Vasodilation

Question 20

Skin blood flow

Answer 20

250-300 mL/min

Question 21

(Nonglabrous/glabrous) skin is subject to reflex thermoregulation by the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 21

Nonglabrous

Question 22

(Nonglabrous/glabrous) skin contributed to thermoregulation through shunts from the arterial directly in the venous beds

Answer 22

Glabrous

Question 23

Y/N: Thermosensitivity of the hand is significantly greater than that of the soles

Answer 23

Yes

Question 24

Estrogen has a (vasodilator/vasoconstriction) function

Answer 24

Vasodilator

Question 25

Type 1 diabetes: (greater/lesser) skin blood flow relative to healthy control

Answer 25

Greater

Question 26

Has promising clinical effects in scleroderma, but does not influence vasospasm in Raynaud disease

Answer 26

Bosentan - antagonizing endothelin A and endothelin B receptors

Question 27

Present with burning pain and vasodilation with erythema of the extremities

Answer 27

Erythromelalgia

Question 28

Erythromelalgia is caused by mutations affecting

Answer 28

SCN9A gene

Question 29

Erythromelalgia most severely affects the

Answer 29

Palms and soles

Question 30

Local sites of inflammation are perfused at a higher level. The principal mediator for this change is an increase in the synthesis of

Answer 30

Prostacyclin

Question 31

Made within the first 2 hours of acute inflammation and correlates with the onset of neutrophil recruitment

Answer 31

E-selectin

Question 32

Synthesized in about 6-12 hours of acute inflammation and correlates with the onset of mononuclear leukocyte recruitment

Answer 32

VCAM-1

Question 33

Sustained expression of _____, although not unique to skin, is generally described as a skin-specific feature of chronic inflammation

Answer 33

E-selectin

Question 34

In acute dermatitis, endothelial cells express high levels of _____ and moderate amounts of _____

Answer 34

E-selectin and P-selectin | VCAM-1 and ICAM-1

Question 35

In chronic skin lesions, endothelial cells express moderate amounts of _____ and high amounts of _____

Answer 35

E-selectin | VCAM-1

Question 36

Psoriatic capillary loops at the turnaround point touch the epidermis

Answer 36

Kissing

Question 37

In psoriasis, lymphocytes and neutrophils extravasation within the tips of the papillae

Answer 37

Squirting papillae

Question 38

Endothelial cells arise from angioblasts, which migrate to peripheral tissues and form primitive blood vessels

Answer 38

Vasculogenesis

Question 39

Mesenchymal cells are recruited into the vessel wall, where they subsequently differentiate into smooth muscle cells and pericyte cells

Answer 39

Vascular remodeling

Question 40

Circulating endothelial progenitor cells, mesoangioblasts, and multipotent adult progenitor cells contribute to new vessel formation

Answer 40

Adult vasculogenesis

Question 41

Vascular wall progenitor cells that differentiate info endothelial cells

Answer 41

CD34+/CD31- cells

Question 42

Stored in the cytoplasms of a variety of cells and are released when cells are injured, acting as “wound hormones”

Answer 42

FGF-1 and FGF-2

Question 43

Marks the endothelial cells of early arterial vessels

Answer 43

Ephrin-B2

Question 44

Marks the endothelial cells of early veins

Answer 44

Ephrin-B4

Question 45

Phases of wound healing

Answer 45

Coagulation Inflammation Proliferation Remodeling

Question 46

Major source of VEGF during an early healing stage

Answer 46

Macrophage

Question 47

Tumor and the stroma compartment respond to hypoxia by expressing

Answer 47

Hypoxia-inducible factor

Question 48

Tumor angiogenesis: splitting of an existing blood vessel in two

Answer 48

Intussusceptive angiogenesis

Question 49

Tumor angiogenesis: formation of fluid-conducting channels by tumor cells

Answer 49

Vasculogenic mimicry

Question 50

Tumor angiogenesis: tumor cells migrate along the preexisting vessels

Answer 50

Vessel co-option

Question 51

Vascular mimicry appears to play a specific role in

Answer 51

Metastatic melanoma

Question 52

Generates cancer-associated myofibroblasts that stimulate inflammation and fibrosis and augment vascular dysfunction and as a result increase hypoxia

Answer 52

Endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition

Question 53

One of the driving factors of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition

Answer 53

TGF-beta