16 - Microbiome of the Skin

Question 1

All the organisms, their genomes, and the surrounding environmental conditions present in a particular ecosystem such as skin

Answer 1

Microbiome

Question 2

Examine the genes that are actively expressed

Answer 2

Transcriptomics

Question 3

Examine what proteins are present

Answer 3

Proteomics

Question 4

Marker for bacteria

Answer 4

16S ribosomal RNA (part of the 30S ribosomal subunit)

Question 5

Define a specific bacterial taxa based on the percent similarity of the genome

Answer 5

Genomic studies

Question 6

Define a distinct species based on morphologic, biochemical and/or physiologic characteristics

Answer 6

Traditional microbiology

Question 7

Marker genes for fungi

Answer 7

18S RNA gene
28S rRNA gene
Internal transcribed spacer gene

Question 8

Simultaneously sequencing multiple microbial kingdoms within a single skin sample

Answer 8

Shotgun metagenomic sequencing

Question 9

Advantage of shotgun metagenomic sequencing

Answer 9

Can provide additional information beyond the identification of microbes within 1 kingdom (eg, bacteria)

Question 10

Limitation of shotgun metagenomic sequencing

Answer 10

Higher costs and analytical challenges

Incomplete knowledge of the functions of many genes

Question 11

Comprised of the most diverse communities of bacteria

Answer 11

Skin

Question 12

Microbiome sequencing vs culture-based studies in determining microbial bioburden (number of microbes)

Answer 12

Microbiome sequencing: relative proportions or percentages

Culture-based studies: colony counting

Question 13

Microbiome sequencing vs culture-based studies: cannot distinguish whether microbes are dead or alive

Answer 13

Microbiome sequencing

Question 14

Highly sebaceous sites (forehead, retroauricular crease) were predominated by

Answer 14

C. acnes

Question 15

Flexural or moist folds (antecubital fossa, inguinal crease) harbored

Answer 15

Corynebacterium spp

Staphylococcus spp

Question 16

Relatively more abundant on hands that were recently washed

Answer 16

Staphylococceae

Streptococcaceae

Question 17

Relatively more abundant with longer time intervals since the last handwashing

Answer 17

Propionibacteriaceae

Question 18

Skin bacterial communities can remain relatively stable up to

Answer 18

2 years

Question 19

Y/N: Skin of neonates is considered sterile prior to birth

Answer 19

Yes

Question 20

Skin microbiome in neonates soon after delivery resembles maternal _____ communities if born vaginally

Answer 20

Vaginal

Question 21

Skin microbiome in neonates soon after delivery resembles maternal _____ communities if delivered by cesarean section

Answer 21

Skin

Question 22

Predominant skin fungi

Answer 22

Malassezia spp

Question 23

Malassezia spp predominate in most skin sites except on

Answer 23

Feet

Question 24

Malassezia species predominant on the head and facial areas

Answer 24

M. restricta

Question 25

Malassezia species predominant on truncal areas

Answer 25

M. globosa

Question 26

Fungal communities of feet

Answer 26

Non-Malassezia fungi

Question 27

Major challenge of virome research

Answer 27

Lack of a marker gene common to all viruses

Question 28

Most common DNA viruses observed in skin

Answer 28

Bacteriophages
Papillomaviruses
Polyomaviruses
Circoviruses