3 - Epidemiology and Public Health Flashcards
Provide the highest level of proof of an effect by minimizing bias
Internal validity
Generalizability
External validity
Attribute that increases the likelihood of developing a disease
Risk factor
Occurs when an attribute or other factor is found to be related to an outcome of interest
Association
Systematic error that causes the results of a study to deviate from the truth
Bias
Ultimate problem with bias
Can’t be measured
Occurs when two risk factors or exposures are associated with each other and the outcome of interest
Confounding
Measure of an effect in an ideal setting
Efficacy
If the study was repeated using the same study design and the same cohort, the same results would be found
Internally valid
Studies that measure efficacy
Explanatory studies
How well an intervention works in the real world
Effectiveness
Studies that compare two or more treatments that are generally accepted to be effective
Comparative effectiveness
Studies that lack the regulatory oversight that is required by federal agencies when treatments receive initial approval
Pragmatic studies
First studies performed in humans
Phase I studies
Evaluate a drug’s dose, range, safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics
Phase I studies
Also called initial efficacy studies
Phase II studies
Determine the effect of an intervention in patients with the disease of interest
Phase II studies
Also called comparative efficacy studies
Phase III studies
Assess the efficacy of an intervention compared with that of a “control” treatment
Phase III studies
Sometimes called, pivotal studies, provide the data necessary for regulatory agencies to decide whether or not to approve a dug
Phase III studies
Also called postmarketing studies or effectiveness studies
Phase IV studies
Also known as large sample studies or Peto studies
Pragmatic trials
Effectiveness studies that focus on understanding how an intervention works in the routine clinical setting
Pragmatic trials
Cohort vs case-control study
Cohort: prospective
Case-control: retrospective
Meta-analytic technique that enables comparisons between treatments that were never directly compare in individual studies
Network of evidence or mixed treatment comparison
Frequency of a disease or other outcome of interest over a given period of time
Prevalence
Number of individuals with a disease divided by the number of individuals sampled over a specified time period
Prevalence
Frequency of new cases of a disease or other outcome anong those who are at risk of the disease or outcome of interest within a specified period of time
Incidence
Dividing the number of individuals who developed sa disease by the number of individuals in the at-risk population
Incidence
Ratio of how an outcome is measured in those with a disease versus those without a disease
Risk ratio or relative risk or hazard ratio
Absolute risk in the exposed persons minus the absolute risk in the nonexposed persons
Attributable risk or risk difference
Ratio of the odds that a case is exposed compared with the odds that a control is exposed
Odds ratio
Relationship of odds ratios and relative risk when the outcome is rare
Equivalent
Relationship of odds ratios and relative risk when the outcome is common
Odds ratio overestimates the relative risk
Proportion of truly diseased individuals who are defined as having disease by a test
Sensitivity
Also called true positive rate
Sensitivity
Proportion of individuals who truly do not have the disease who are defined by the test as not having the disease
Specificity
Also called true negative rate
Specificity
Proportion of individuals who have a positive test that truly have the disease
Positive predictive value
Proportion of individuals who have a negative test that truly do not have the disease
Negative predictive value
