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FD9 > 6 - Skin Glands > Flashcards

6 - Skin Glands Flashcards

1
Q

Excrete their products into the hair follicle

A

Sebaceous glands

Apocrine sweat glands

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2
Q

Excrete directly into the skin surface

A

Eccrine glands

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3
Q

Holocrine secretion

A

Sebaceous glands

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4
Q

Merocrine secretion

A

Apocrine and eccrine sweat glands

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5
Q

Totally devoid of sebaceous glands

A

Palms and soles

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6
Q

Largest and greater density of sebaceous glands

A

Nose
Face
Scalp

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7
Q

Sebaceous glands arise in a _____ sequence

A

Cephalocaudal

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8
Q

Earliest known signal necessary for sebaceous gland development

A

SOX9

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9
Q

Subpopulation of stem cells expressing _____ is established near the entrance of the sebaceous gland; marker of terminal epithelial cell differentiation

A

PRDM1 (formerly known as BLIMP-1)

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10
Q

Advanced differentiated vs undifferentiated sebocytes

A

Advanced differentiated:
increased size
Decreased nucleocytoplasmic ratio

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11
Q

Sebocyte stem cell signaling pathway

A

Increased Shh
Increased Myc
Decreased Wnt

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12
Q

Hair cell stem cell signaling pathway

A

Increased Wnt

Decreased Lef1

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13
Q

Basal cells of the peripheral zone from about _____% of the sebaceous gland

A

40

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14
Q

Maturation zone represents about _____% of the sebaceous gland

A

40

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15
Q

Distinguish sebum from lipids of human internal organs

A

Wax esters

Squalene

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16
Q

Form 40-60% of total skin surface lipids

A

Triglycerides
Diglycerides
Free fatty acids

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17
Q

“Normal” mammalian pathway of desaturation

A

Inserting a double bond between the 9th and 10th carbons of stearic acid to from oleic acid

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18
Q

Sebaceous gland pathway of desaturation

A

Insertion of a delta 6 double bond into palmitic acid resulting to sapienic acid

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19
Q

Major fatty acid of adult human sebum

A

Sapienic acid

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20
Q

Elongation of sapienic acid by two carbons and insertion of another double bond gives

A

Sebaleic acid

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21
Q

Fatty acid thought to be unique to human sebum

A

Sebaleic acid

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22
Q

Function of sebum

A

Maintaining stratum corneum hydration
Mild antibacterial action
Transit mechanism for vitamin E

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23
Q

Mild antibacterial action of sebum due to

A

Antiinflammatory lipids and immunoglobulin A

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24
Q

Cathelicidin in sebum has direct antimicrobial activity against

A

Propionibacterium acnes

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25
Q

Free fatty acids in sebum are bactericidal against

A

Gram-positive organisms

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26
Q

Skin stem cells can be found in

A

Follicle bulge
Base of sebaceous gland
Basal layer of epidermis

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27
Q

Average transit time of sebaceous gland cells from formation to discharge

A

7.4 days

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28
Q

Size of sebaceous glands (increases/decreases) with age

A

Increases

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29
Q

Number of sebaceous glands (increases/decreases) with age

A

Remains the same

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30
Q

Turnover of the sebaceous glands in older adults is (faster/slower) compared with young adults

A

Slower

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31
Q

Y/N: Levels of testosterone parallel the patterns of sebaceous gland activity

A

No - do not parallel

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32
Q

Most powerful androgens

A

Testosterone

5-DHT

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33
Q

Probably a significant regulator of sebaceous gland activity through its conversion to testosterone and DHT

A

Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS)

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34
Q

Levels of DHEAS (high/low)

  1. Newborns
  2. 2-4 year old children
A
  1. Newborns - high

2. 2-4 year old children - very low

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35
Q

Decline in DHEAS starts in

A

Early adulthood

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36
Q

Most potent pharmacologic inhibitor of sebum secretion

A

Isotretinoin

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37
Q

Significant reductions in sebum production can be observed as early as _____ weeks of isotretinoin use

A

2

38
Q

PPAR-alpha ligand for hyperlipidemia

A

Fibrates

39
Q

PPAR-gamma ligand for diabetes

A

Thiazolidinediones

40
Q

PPAR-_____ agonists may be beneficial in aging skin

PPAR-_____ may bee involved in sebaceous tumorigenesis

A

Gamma

Delta

41
Q

In patients receiving PPAR agonists, sebum secretion rates are (increased/decreased)

A

Increased

42
Q

Expressed in most lipid-metabolizing cells including the prostate, liver, fat tissue and skin

A

FoxO1

43
Q

Acne and increased sebaceous lipogenesis are associated with relative nuclear (excess/deficiency) of FoxO1

A

Deficiency

44
Q

Amount of sweat produced per day by acclimatized individuals

A

10 liters

45
Q

Strongest stimulus for sweating

A

Hypothalamic temperature

46
Q

Marker of ductal cells of eccrine but not apocrine sweat glands

A

Stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4)

47
Q

Eccrine sweat glands are absent at

A

Margins of the lips
Eardrums
Nailbeds of fingers and toenails

48
Q

Anlagen of eccrine sweat glands first appear in _____-old fetuses on the _____

A

3.5

Palms and soles

49
Q

Eccrine sweat glands develop in the axillary skin in the _____ fetal month

A

5th

50
Q

Eccrine glands develop all over the body by the _____ fetal month

A

6th

51
Q

By the _____ fetal month, eccrine secretory cells resemble those of an adult

A

8th

52
Q

By the _____ fetal month, myoepithelial cells form around the secretory coil and excretory duct

A

9th

53
Q

Eccrine gland secretory coil primary components

A

Bicarbonate
Potassium
Sodium chloride

54
Q

Relative to the plasma and extracellular fluid, the concentration of Na ions is much (higher/lower) in sweat

A

Lower

55
Q

Eccrine secretory coil contains _____ distinct cell types

A

Clear (secretory)
Dark (mucoid)
Myoepithelial

56
Q

_____ cells contain abundant mitochondria and an autofluorescent antibody called the lipofucsin granule

A

Clear

57
Q

Clear vs dark cell surface

A

Clear - forms villi

Dark - smooth

58
Q

Y/N: Proximal (coiled) eccrine duct is more active than the distal straight portion

A

Yes

59
Q

_____ activity and the number of _____ are higher in the proximal (coiled) eccrine duct vs the luminal ductal cells

A

Na-K-adenosine triphosphatase

Mitochondria

60
Q

Dense layer of tonofilaments near the luminal membrane of eccrine ducts

A

Cuticular border

61
Q

Provides the strongest stimulus for thermoregulatory sweating responses

A

Elevation of hypothalamic temperature associated with an increase in body temperature

62
Q

Increase in internal temperature is about _____ times more efficient than an increase in mean skin temperatures in stimulating the sweat center

A

9

63
Q

Menopausal hot flashes seem to be caused by

A

Hypersensitive brain response

64
Q

Decreased norepinephrine release is postulated as the mechanism by which _____ relieves hot flashes in symptomatic women

A

Clonidine

65
Q

Decreased _____ may be the reason that women with decreased body madd index tend to have fewer symptoms of hot flashes

A

Core temperature

66
Q

Y/N: Levels of estrogen, luteinizing hormone, and beta-endorphins influence hot flashes

A

No

67
Q

Major neurotransmitter released from periglandular nerve endings of sweat glands

A

Acetylcholine

68
Q

Major stimulant of sweat secretion; periglandular concentration determines the sweat rate

A

Acetylcholine

69
Q

Y/N: Males perspire more profusely than females

A

Yes

70
Q

Sweat rate in a given area of the skin is determined by (2)

A

Number of active glands

Average sweat rate per gland

71
Q

Y/N: Cholinergic stimulation yields a 5-10 times higher sweating rate than does beta-adrenergic stimulation

A

Yes

72
Q

Myoepithelial contraction occurs with _____ stimulation

A

Cholinergic

73
Q

Endogenous glycogen stored in the clear cells can sustain sweat secretion for

A

Less than 10 minutes

74
Q

Major route of ATP formation for sweat secretory activity

A

Oxidative metabolism of glucose

75
Q

Steps in sweat formation (2)

A
  1. Secretion of isotonic NaCl concentrations by the secretory coil
  2. Reabsorption of NaCl by the duct
76
Q

Has the most important influence on final sweat NaCl concentration

A

Sweat rate

77
Q

Sweat NaCl (increases/decreases) with increasing sweat rate

A

Increases

78
Q

Sweat NaCl concentration is (increased/decreased) in individuals with cystic fibrosis

A

Increased

79
Q

Seen more frequently in carriers and patients with cystic fibrosis

A

Aquagenic wrinkling of the palms

80
Q

ACh-induced sweating appears to be mediated by _____ vs adrenergic-induced sweating which appears to be mediated by _____

A

Intercellular calcium

Intercellular cAMP

81
Q

Final sweat product

A

Hypotonic and acidic

82
Q

Mutation in cystic fibrosis

A

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) chloride channels

83
Q

In atopic dermatitis, lesional skin presents a decreased _____ expression in sweat glands, which is accompanied by sweat leakage

A

Claudin-3

84
Q

When aldosterone is injected systemically or locally, the Na/K ratio is sweat begins to (increase/decrease)

A

Decrease

85
Q

More potent carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, such as _____, have been reported to induce oligohidrosis

A

Topiramate

86
Q

Apocrine sweat glands do not become functional until

A

Just before puberty

87
Q

There are high levels of _____ in the secretory cells of the apocrine gland

A

15-lipoxygenase-2

88
Q

Apocrine sweat contains three types of precursors

A
  1. Fatty acids
  2. Sulfanyl alkanols
  3. Odiferous steroids
89
Q

Axillary odor is significantly reduced in Asian populations that carry a single nucleotide polymorphism in this gene

A

ABCC11

90
Q

Secretion of apocrine glands

A

Merocrine

91
Q

Apocrine glands are controlled mainly by

A

Adrenergic agonists

92
Q

Total number of sweat glands

A

2-4 million (200-400/cm2)

FD9 (108 decks)

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