7.2b Influences on transition to Parenthood Flashcards
1
Q
Risk Factors of Parent Problems
A
- Age (Adolescents or 35+)
- Same-sex parenting
- Lack of social support
- Culture
- Conflict between parenting and personal aspirations
- Sensory Impairment (difficulty with vision or hearing)
2
Q
Adolescents
A
- Mostly unplanned or unintended.
- Need more emotional support
- Father is often found leaving the relationship
WHAT THEY DEAL WITH - Stigma/rejection from family and friends
- Dropping out of school
- Deterioration or dissolution of relationship with father and friends
- Feeling different from peers and excluded from fun activities
- Conflict between own desire and infant needs.
- Low tolerance for frustration
3
Q
Adolescent Mothers
A
- More prone for development issues (language, speech, cognition)
- Increased risk of neglect and accidental injury
RISKS - Preeclampsia
- Postpartum endometritis
- Systemic infections
- Anemia
- Preterm/LBW
- PPD
- Substance Abuse
- PTSD
- IPV
- Repeat pregnancy
4
Q
Education for Adolescent Mothers
A
- Infant nutrition
- Growth and development
- Sleep
- Infant safety
- Immunization
- Adolescent mothers use more warm and attentive physical care but lack verbal interactions
- Interventions are needed emphasizing verbal/non-verbal communication
- Adolescents tend to expect too much from their infant too soon
- Interventions are needed to improve adolescent access to healthcare, education and other support systems.
- Home visits are good for low income adolescents
- Serious problems can be avoided with programs supporting self-management, parent-child interactions, infant development, and child safety
- Family members also need help adapting to new roles
5
Q
Adolescent Fathers
A
- Most do not live with mother but some visit regularly
- Have little ability to offer financial help (limited education)
FATHERS INVOLVEMENT CAN POSITIVELY INFLUENCE - Breastfeeding
- Maternal mental health
- Parenting practices
- Family functioning and child well being
- Cognitive/Behavior outcomes
- Interaction should be held with father throughout pregnancy and post-partum
- Discussion for fathers involvement should be encouraged and discussed
- Teaching father about infant care and parenting during hospital stay
- Counseling should include reality such as finances, child care, parenting skills
- Father should also be educated on contraception and lowering risk of STI
6
Q
Advanced Maternal Age
A
- Includes failure to conceive in previous years, postponed pregnancy due to career, infertile couples
- Advanced age can experience social isolation. (Less family and support)
- Less likely to live near family and parents may be unable to provide support
- May need to take care of both infant and parents
- Changes in sex aspect of relationship can affect stress
- Work and career is a major stressor for advanced maternal age
- Child care causes stress for work
- Major issue is mothers may feel a loss of control caused by going from consistent work role to inconsistent parent role
- Perimenopausal mothers experience difficulty distinguishing fatigue, loss of sleep, decreased libido, as causes of change in sex life
7
Q
Same Sex Couples
A
Transition to parenting may have unique issues
- Stressors related to identity transformation to parents
- They experience minority status
- Ethnic minorities can have exacerbated stress/anxiety leading to isolation, alienation and discrimination.
- Concerns include confidentiality, discriminatory attitudes, limited access to care
8
Q
Lesbian Couples
A
- Roles can be questioned
- HCP can accidentally or intentionally exclude partners or fail to acknowledge their role.
- Offer male roles to female such as cutting cord and rooming with mother.
COPING TECHNIQUES - Display public acts of equal mothering
- Sharing parenting at home
- Establish distinct roles
- Support each others identity as the mother
- Social support groups
9
Q
Gay Couples
A
- Through adoption or surrogation
10
Q
Social Support
A
- Number of members in persons social network
- Type of support
- Perceived general support
- Actual support received
- Satisfaction with support
- Family and friends are important dimensions of parents social network
- Grandparents or in-laws are most supportive when they assist with household responsibilities and do not intrude on parents privacy or judge them critically
11
Q
Culture
A
- Influences interaction with baby and parenting styles
12
Q
Socioeconomic Conditions
A
- Determines availability of resources
- Single/Separated/Divorced parent may view child with dread including financial issues,
13
Q
Personal Aspirations
A
- Parenthood may block personal freedom or career advancement
- Resentment may effect adjustment to parenting
NURSING INTERVENTIONS - Express feelings to objective listener
- Discuss measures to permit growth
- Refer to support group of mothers in similar situation
14
Q
Sensory Impairment
A
- Parents need to maximize use of remaining senses
15
Q
Visual Impairment
A
- Alone does not affect parenting negatively
- Soon adapt methods best suited for them
- Benefit is heightened sensitivity to other senses
- Difficulty includes skepticism of healthcare professionals.
- Other family members can participate in eye to eye contact to supply the need
