6.4 - Pharmacology Flashcards
Benzodiazepines
Indications
MOA
Adverse effects
Anti-anxiety medications
- Ex: Diazepam
Indications: Anxiety
MOA
- Facilitate binding of GABA (inhibitory neuron) to GABA receptors
Adverse Effects:
- SEDATION
- Tolerance & dependence
- GI discomfort
Decreased HR & RR
Barbiturates
Indications
Adverse effects
Indications: seizure disorders, anxiety, insomnia
Adverse effects:
- SEDATION
- Sleep
Antidepressants
What drugs are commonly used for antidepressants?
MOA
Adverse effects
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
Tricyclics
Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors
MOA:
- Increase aminergic transmission
- Aminergic = dopamine, NE, serotonin
Adverse Effects:
- Tricyclics - sedation
- Monoamine - restlessness, CNS excitation, irritability, agitation
- SSRIs - insomnia
What drug may be used for Bipolar disorder?
Adverse effects
Lithium
Adverse effect: lithium retention –> seizures, coma, fatal episodes
What medication is commonly used for Parkinson disease?
MOA
Adverse effects
Levodopa
MOA:
- Converted to dopamine when it crosses the blood-brain barrier
Adverse Effects:
- Dyskinesia, athetoid movements
- TOLERANCE
What medications are commonly used for skeletal muscle relaxants?
Indications
Adverse effects
Indications: skeletal muscle spasms / tightness, spasticity
Meds:
- Cyclobenzaprine
- Baclofen
- Botulinum Toxin (localized injection)
Adverse effects:
- Cyclobenzaprine - tolerance, dependence, sedation
- Baclofen - drowsiness, fatigue, confusion
Opioids
Examples
Indications
Adverse effects
Ex:
- MORPHINE
- Fentanyl
- Oxycodone
- Hydrocodone
Indications: Severe pain
Adverse Effects:
- DEPENDENCE
- Tolerance
- Sedation
- DEPRESSED RESPIRATION
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Constipation, GI distress
What drug should be used if suspecting an opioid overdose?
Naloxone (Narcan)
NSAIDs
Examples
Indications
MOA
Adverse Effects
Examples:
- Aspirin (acetylsalicyclic acid)
- Ibuprofen
- COX-2 inhibitor Celecoxib
Indications: mild to moderate pain
MOA:
- Inhibit prostaglandin, which initiates the inflammatory response
Adverse Effects
- GI problems
- GI ulcer
Acetaminophen
Brand name?
Comparison to NSAIDs
Adverse effects
Acetaminophen = Tylenol
Indications: mild to moderate pain; fever
Comparison:
- NO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY EFFECTS
- Less analgesic effect than NSAIDs
- No GI tract irritation
Adverse Effects:
- HEPATOTOXICITY
What medications are commonly used for RA?
NSAIDs - “first line of defense”
Corticosteroids
Methotrexate (DMARD)
Corticosteroids
Examples
Indications
Adverse Effects
Ex: Cortisone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone
Indications:
- Extremely effective anti-inflammatory agent
Adverse Effects:
- Long-term use –> Cushing’s syndrome
- Catabolic effect on muscle, tendon, bone
- HTN
- Diabetes
- Muscle wasting
DMARDs
Most common example
Indications
Adverse effects
Methotrexate
Indications: RA
Adverse Effects:
- Varies
- GI distress, n/v
What is Methotrexate sometimes referred to as?
“Gold therapy”
Diuretics
Examples
MOA
Adverse Effects
Ex:
- Lasix
- Diuril
- Aldactone
MOA: increase formation and excretion of urine
Adverse Effects:
- Hypovolemia
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Electrolyte imbalance
Nitrates (Nitroglycerin)
MOA
Adverse Effects
Vasodilation –> increased BF to heart & decreased BP (TPR) –> decreases stress on heart
Adverse Effects:
- Orthostatic hypotension
- headache
What cardiac medications are commonly prescribed?
Beta blockers
ACE inhibitors
CCBs
Beta Blockers
Examples
MOA
Adverse effects
ex: “-lols”
MOA:
- Block beta-adrenergic receptors –> reduces binding of E & NE –> reduces sympathetic input
- Decreases HR
- Decreases contractility of heart
Adverse Effects:
- Fatigue
- Orthostatic hypotension
- Decreased HR response to exercise
ACE Inhibitors
Examples
MOA
Adverse effects
“-prils”
MOA:
- Inhibit angiotension-converting enzyme –> inhibits the conversion of angiotension I to angiotension II
- Promote vasodilation –> decreases BP
Adverse Effects:
- Hypotension
- Fatigue
- Dizziness
- Cough (annoying, but not life-threatening)
Calcium Channel Blockers
Examples
MOA
Adverse effects
Ex: amlodipine, nifedipine, verapamil
MOA:
- Black calcium entry into the cell
- Vasodilation & reduced HR
Adverse Effects:
- I’m assuming orthostatic hypotension
Cardiac glycosides
Examples
MOA
Adverse effects
Ex:
- Digoxin, digitoxin, digitalis
MOA: “fewer, but better beats”
- Inhibit sympathetic NS
- Increase myocardial contraction force
- Slows sodium-potassium pump
Adverse effects:
- GI distress
- ARRHYTHMIAS
- Drowsiness, fatigue
What are anticoagulants used for?
Examples of this med
Clots in the venous system
Heparin, warfarin (coumadin)
What are antithrombotics used for?
Examples
Clots in the arterial system
Aspirin
What are thrombolytics used for?
To break down the clot
Statins
Examples
Indications
MOA
Adverse Effects
ex: Lipitor
Indications: hyperlipidemia
Adverse effects:
- Myalgias
- Rhabdomyolysis
What medication is commonly used for the management of diabetes?
MOA
Metformin
- Inhibits gluconeogenesis by the liver
Describe the expected time frames for peak effects of rapid-acting vs long-acting insulin
Rapid-acting = peak effect 2-4 hrs
Long-acting = peak effect 5-24 hrs
