3 - Epidemiology and Public Health

Question 1

Provide the highest level of proof of an effect by minimizing bias

Answer 1

Internal validity

Question 2

Generalizability

Answer 2

External validity

Question 3

Attribute that increases the likelihood of developing a disease

Answer 3

Risk factor

Question 4

Occurs when an attribute or other factor is found to be related to an outcome of interest

Answer 4

Association

Question 5

Systematic error that causes the results of a study to deviate from the truth

Answer 5

Bias

Question 6

Ultimate problem with bias

Answer 6

Can’t be measured

Question 7

Occurs when two risk factors or exposures are associated with each other and the outcome of interest

Answer 7

Confounding

Question 8

Measure of an effect in an ideal setting

Answer 8

Efficacy

Question 9

If the study was repeated using the same study design and the same cohort, the same results would be found

Answer 9

Internally valid

Question 10

Studies that measure efficacy

Answer 10

Explanatory studies

Question 11

How well an intervention works in the real world

Answer 11

Effectiveness

Question 12

Studies that compare two or more treatments that are generally accepted to be effective

Answer 12

Comparative effectiveness

Question 13

Studies that lack the regulatory oversight that is required by federal agencies when treatments receive initial approval

Answer 13

Pragmatic studies

Question 14

First studies performed in humans

Answer 14

Phase I studies

Question 15

Evaluate a drug’s dose, range, safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics

Answer 15

Phase I studies

Question 16

Also called initial efficacy studies

Answer 16

Phase II studies

Question 17

Determine the effect of an intervention in patients with the disease of interest

Answer 17

Phase II studies

Question 18

Also called comparative efficacy studies

Answer 18

Phase III studies

Question 19

Assess the efficacy of an intervention compared with that of a “control” treatment

Answer 19

Phase III studies

Question 20

Sometimes called, pivotal studies, provide the data necessary for regulatory agencies to decide whether or not to approve a dug

Answer 20

Phase III studies

Question 21

Also called postmarketing studies or effectiveness studies

Answer 21

Phase IV studies

Question 22

Also known as large sample studies or Peto studies

Answer 22

Pragmatic trials

Question 23

Effectiveness studies that focus on understanding how an intervention works in the routine clinical setting

Answer 23

Pragmatic trials

Question 24

Cohort vs case-control study

Answer 24

Cohort: prospective

Case-control: retrospective

Question 25

Meta-analytic technique that enables comparisons between treatments that were never directly compare in individual studies

Answer 25

Network of evidence or mixed treatment comparison

Question 26

Frequency of a disease or other outcome of interest over a given period of time

Answer 26

Prevalence

Question 27

Number of individuals with a disease divided by the number of individuals sampled over a specified time period

Answer 27

Prevalence

Question 28

Frequency of new cases of a disease or other outcome anong those who are at risk of the disease or outcome of interest within a specified period of time

Answer 28

Incidence

Question 29

Dividing the number of individuals who developed sa disease by the number of individuals in the at-risk population

Answer 29

Incidence

Question 30

Ratio of how an outcome is measured in those with a disease versus those without a disease

Answer 30

Risk ratio or relative risk or hazard ratio

Question 31

Absolute risk in the exposed persons minus the absolute risk in the nonexposed persons

Answer 31

Attributable risk or risk difference

Question 32

Ratio of the odds that a case is exposed compared with the odds that a control is exposed

Answer 32

Odds ratio

Question 33

Relationship of odds ratios and relative risk when the outcome is rare

Answer 33

Equivalent

Question 34

Relationship of odds ratios and relative risk when the outcome is common

Answer 34

Odds ratio overestimates the relative risk

Question 35

Proportion of truly diseased individuals who are defined as having disease by a test

Answer 35

Sensitivity

Question 36

Also called true positive rate

Answer 36

Sensitivity

Question 37

Proportion of individuals who truly do not have the disease who are defined by the test as not having the disease

Answer 37

Specificity

Question 38

Also called true negative rate

Answer 38

Specificity

Question 39

Proportion of individuals who have a positive test that truly have the disease

Answer 39

Positive predictive value

Question 40

Proportion of individuals who have a negative test that truly do not have the disease

Answer 40

Negative predictive value