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Fitz 9th > 10 - The Immunological Structure of the Skin > Flashcards

10 - The Immunological Structure of the Skin Flashcards

1
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity: rapid onset

A

Innate

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2
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity: capacity to discriminate between danger and nondanger only, instead of distinguishing between individual antigenic specificities

A

Innate

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3
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity: lack of memory

A

Innate

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4
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity: needs 10-14 days to develop

A

Adaptive

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5
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity: peptide specificity

A

Adaptive

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6
Q

_____ dendritic cells can fulfill both innate and adaptive immune functions

A

Plasmacytoid DCs

Inflammatory DCs

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7
Q 
Innate vs adaptive immunity:
Resident cells (nonleukocytic) - keratinocytes, fibroblasts, sebocytes, endothelial cells, nerve cells
A

Innate

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8
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity:

Granulocytes - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

A

Innate

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9
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity:

Macrophages

A

Innate

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10
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity:

Mast cells

A

Innate

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11
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity:

Innate lymphoid cells - cytotoxic ILCs (natural killer cells), helper ILC (ILC1), ILC2, ILC3

A

Innate

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12
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity:

Dendritic cells - inflammatory DC, plasmacytoid DC

A

Innate

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13
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity:

Dendritic cells - Langerhans cells, CD141+ DC, dermal DC, inflammatory DC, plasmacytoid CD

A

Adaptive

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14
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity:

T lymphocytes - naive T cells, memory T cells

A

Adaptive

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15
Q

Innate vs adaptive immunity: memory

A

Adaptive

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16
Q

React in an enhanced fashion to a repeated antigenic challenge

A

Memory

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17
Q

Leukocytes and nonleukocytes involved in innate immunity are equipped with _____
Either surface-bound and/or cytoplasmic receptors

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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18
Q

First responders after most forms of skin injury

A

Neutrophils

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19
Q

Main effector function of neutrophils is to eliminate microbes by

A
  1. Phagocytosis

2. Using neutrophil extracellular traps which enable them to kill extracellular pathogens

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20
Q

Much less efficient phagocytes than neutrophils

Releases preformed cationic proteins that are toxic to several parasites

A

Eosinophils

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21
Q

Contain histamine-filled granules
Rich source of cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-13
Resemble mast cells and play an important role in allergic tissue inflammation

A

Basophils

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22
Q

Mast cells contain preformed mediators (_____) and molecules synthesized upon activation (_____)

A

Histamine, serotonin

TNF, IL-3, IL-4, IL-13

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23
Q

Important activation mechanisms of mast cells

A
  1. Interaction of complement cleavage products C3a and C5a with their respective receptors
  2. Fc-mediated binding of immunoglobulin E
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24
Q

Innate lymphocytes include

A

Cytotoxic (natural killer cells)

Helper innate lymphoid cells

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25
Q

Recognition and killing of virally infected and neoplastic cells
Secretion of interferon-gamma

A

Natural killer cells

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26
Q

Helper innate lymphoid cells can be subdivided into

A

ILC1
ILC2
ILC3

27
Q

Next to polymorphonuclear neutrophils, _____ are heavily involved in the elimination of invading microbes

A

Macrophages

Mononuclear phagocytes

28
Q

Play a major role in antiviral defense by the massive production of type 1 interferons (IFN-alpha, IFN-beta) upon activation of TLR7 and TLR9

A

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells

29
Q

Production of TNF and inducible nitric oxide synthase

Priming of Th cell responses

A

Inflammatory dendritic cells

30
Q

Artificial TLR7 ligand _____ provides a strong activation signal for plasmacytoid dendritic cells

A

Imiquimod

31
Q

Normal human skin contains 3 distinct populations of antigen-presenting dendritic cells

A

Epidermal Langerhans cells
Dermal dendritic cells
CD141+ dendritic cells

32
Q

Express CD1a

Contain endocytic organells called Birbeck granules

A

Langerhans cells

33
Q

Major constituent of Birbeck granules

A

C-type lectin langerin/CD207

34
Q

Express CD1c
Display the mannose receptor as well as DC-SIGN (dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin

A

Dermal dendritic cells

35
Q

Also known as BDCA-3 or thrombomodulin
Express CD11c and DEC-205
Initially identified in the peripheral blood, but has been found to also constitute a very small cell population in the human dermis
Take up extracellularly necrotic cells and viral nucleic acids

A

CD141

36
Q

The 3 different types of “resident” skin DCs exhibit the characteristic features of bone marrow-derived DCs

A
  1. Migration (from the skin to the draining lymph nodes during primary immune responses)
  2. Induction of helper or cytotoxic antigen-specific immune responses in naive resting T cells
37
Q

In the case of CD141+ DCs, the T-cell response is usually cytotoxic in nature and directed against antigenic moieties expressed by and taken up from surrounding symbionts and then channeled in the MHC class I presentation pathway

A

Cross presentation

38
Q

Langerhans cells display phenotypic features that favor and facilitate the activation of

A

Regulatory T cells (Tregs)

39
Q

Largest, and probably the most important, lymphocyte population within normal human skin

A

T lymphocytes

40
Q

Y/N: T lymphocytes in the skin exceed that of the T-cell population in the peripheral blood

A

Yes

41
Q

Most skin T cells are localized in the

A

Dermis

Only 10% in the epidermis

42
Q

Dermal T cells are mainly _____

Epidermal T cells preferentially display the _____ phenotype

A

CD4+

CD8+

43
Q

T cells in the skin express the (memory/naive) rather than the (memory/naive) phenotype

A

Memory (CD45RO+)

Naive (CD45RA+)

44
Q

Memory T cells are generally subdivided into

A

Central (Tcm) memory T cells

Effector (Tem) memory T cells

45
Q

Exhibit the CCR7+/CD62L+ phenotype
Mainly found in secondary lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes and spleen
Only sparsely scattered within normal human skin, but present in slightly larger numbers in chronic inflammatory and neoplastic skin diseases

A

Central memory T cells

46
Q

Effector memory T cells can be subdivided into

A

Recirculating memory T cells

Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells

47
Q

Constantly recirculate between nonlymphoid tissues and lymphatic organs
CD62L-/CCR7+

A

Recirculating memory T cells

48
Q

Permanently reside in the skin
Can provide an extremely rapid onsite protection upon exposure to previously encountered antigens
Express CD69 and some of them (mostly CD8+ Trm cells) express the alpha E integrin CD103

A

Tissue-resident memory T cells

49
Q

Maintenance of cellular and tissue homeostasis requires

A
  1. Prevention of exaggerated responses to innocuous substances
  2. Occurrence of host-defense reactions at a subclinical level
50
Q

AMP with baseline production by keratinocytes

Antimicrobial effects is mainly directed against E. coli

A

S100 calcium-binding protein A7 (S100A7) or

Psoriasin

51
Q

First passenger cells invading the skin or amplifying in skin are usually cells of the _____ response

A

Innate

52
Q

Plasmacytoid denditic cells are usually detected on the _____ of the individual lesions

A

Active margins

53
Q

Innate lymphoid cells of psoriatic lesions belong in their majority to the _____ subset

A

ILC3

54
Q

Inflammatory skin diseases are characterized by a prominent, often predominating, lymphocytic infiltrate consisting mostly of

A

T lymphocytes

55
Q

B cells tend to avoid the skin with few notable exceptions such as

A

Cutaneous Leishmania infection

56
Q 
T-cell pattern:
Lichen planus
ACD
Tuberculoid leprosy
Cutaneous leishmaniasis
A

Th1

57
Q 
T-cell pattern:
AD
Acute GVHD
Lepromatous leprosy
Diffuse leishmaniasis
A

Th2/Th22

58
Q

T-cell pattern:

Chronic lichenoid GVHD

A

Th1/Th17

59
Q

T-cell pattern:
Acne vulgaris
Psoriasis

A

Th17

60
Q

T-cell pattern:
ACD
TEN

A

Cytotoxic T cells

61
Q

Y/N: The cancer-destructive capacity of immune cells becomes weaker and weaker the longer the (primary) tumor persists

A

Yes

62
Q

Studies in human skin cancers are urgently needed to determine the anticancer potential of _____ cells, and thus, their possible relevance for cancer immunotherapy

A

Th9

63
Q

Presence of high number of intratumoral and peritumoral _____ heralds a bad prognosis

A 
Granulocytes
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells
M2 macrophages
Production of IL-4, IL-10, IL-13 and TGF-beta
64
Q

Large numbers of _____ are associated with a longer disease-free survival

A

CD3+ T cells

Memory T cells of both the CD4 and the CD8 type

Fitz 9th (108 decks)

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