27 JUNE 2019

Question 1

list five types of involuntary muscle movements:

Answer 1

1. muscle cramps
2. tremors
3. fasciculations
4. myoclonus
5. fibrillations

Question 2

what are fasciculations:

Answer 2

spontaneous oscillations of muscle fibers

Question 3

a fasciculations can be two things:

Answer 3

benign or pathologic

Question 4

when is there a benign fasciculation?

Answer 4

when there is no cormorbidity w/ s/s of damage

Question 5

when is there a pathologic fasciculation?

Answer 5

when there is cormorbidity w/ s/s of damage

Question 6

what is myoclonus?

Answer 6

the whole boyd ocntracts doesn’t know what caues it

- what happens when you’re on the verge of falling asleep

Question 7

what are tremors?

Answer 7

involvuntary muscle contractions:

Question 8

what are the two types of tremors?

Answer 8

resting

action

Question 9

resting tremors are: 
def + ie:

Answer 9

oscillating back and forth type movement of a limb

ie: parkinson’s dx

Question 10

action termors that we are concerned about are

name + def + ie:

Answer 10

intention
its a tremor whenever you move
ie: cerebellar dysfx

Question 11

fibrillations are

Answer 11

always pathologic

spontaneous depolarization of a 1 muscle fiber

Question 12

how do you detect fibrillations?

Answer 12

w/ a needle = end of need goes into your fiber and will feel a tiny electrode that make it vibrate
= NEEDLE EMG

Question 13

name the five potential sources of damage to nerves:

Answer 13

1. trauma
   - blunt / sharp
2. infection
3. neurogedenerative
4. vascular dx
5. tumors

Question 14

what are the two types of trauma:

Answer 14

blunt: compression of proximal end of nerve (squish it) s
sharp: cut peripheral motor neuron

Question 15

infection def and ie:

Answer 15

infections attack cell bodies ie: polio

Question 16

neurodegenerative ie;

Answer 16

ALS

Question 17

vascular dx def:

Answer 17

nerves need rich supply of oxygen so this happens when they do not get enough blood

Question 18

tumors:

Answer 18

bunt trauma

grow and press on nerve then leak gluatamate = excitotoxictiy

Question 19

name three signs of LMN lesions:

Answer 19

1. denervation
2. decrease or loss of reflex
3. paresis or paralysis

Question 20

difference between sp nerve and peripheral nerve damage:

Answer 20

spinal nerve = weakness (paresis)

peripheral nerve = paralysis / no sensory info

Question 21

when there is a loss of reflex that means:

Answer 21

the spinal level N is cut = decrease b/c stretch going into the spinal cord can’t come back and form a response

Question 22

denervation means:

Answer 22

wallerian denervation: where the distal axon dies and the muscle fiber loses its axon

Question 23

where can LMN lesions happen?

Answer 23

ventral root
peripheral root
spinal nerve
***all look differently depending

Question 24

what neuron does LMN lesions affect?

Answer 24

a-alpha

Question 25

name the two types of atrophy:

Answer 25

disuse | denervation

Question 26

disuse atrophy def:

Answer 26

muscle gets smaller than normal still has bulk though

Question 27

denervation atrophy def:

Answer 27

muscle will wither away from nothing

Question 28

"flaccid paralysis" def:

Answer 28

1. loss of muscle tone 2. inability to contract 3. due to injury of alpha motor neuron

Question 29

hypotonia def:

Answer 29

losses some of alpha motor neurons

Question 30

flaccidity def:

Answer 30

it if losses all muscle tone | completely resistive to passive stretch

Question 31

where does motor planning take place?

Answer 31

the basal ganglia

Question 32

what two places does UMN start?

Answer 32

the cerebral cortex and brainstem

Question 33

where does the cerebral cortex send messages to ?

Answer 33

the LMN (and the brainstem)

Question 34

where does the brainstem send messages to ?

Answer 34

the spinal cord

Question 35

the cerebral cortex is made of what and called what?

Answer 35

grey UMN hemisphere | cortical origin

Question 36

the brainstem is called

Answer 36

subcortical orgin

Question 37

what has greater voluntary control?

Answer 37

the cerebral cortex

Question 38

what does the cortex control do?

Answer 38

DIRECTLY controls LMN and then muscles

Question 39

what doe the brain stem do?

Answer 39

provides direction for the muscle (from info from the cortex) sends messages that go down to the spinal cord

Question 40

the medial group controls the

Answer 40

proximal muscles

Question 41

sub cortical origin:

Answer 41

supports voluntary movements | guided by medially lateral cortical pathway

Question 42

cortical origin:

Answer 42

has direct voluntary control of movement

Question 43

the lateral group controls the

Answer 43

distal muscles

Question 44

where does the reticulospinal (medial group) start

Answer 44

starts in the brainstem in the reticular formation

Question 45

where does the reticulospinal project:

Answer 45

broadly out to the upper and lower extremities

Question 46

what does the reticulospinal produce?

Answer 46

gross limb movement lower degree of direct voluntary control of postuarl muscles

Question 47

the medial vestibulospinal projects to

Answer 47

the core axial - upper bakc/ postural Mm - head and neck

Question 48

what does the medial vesibulospinal do?

Answer 48

maintains upright against gravity | lower degree of direct voluntary control

Question 49

the lateral vestibulospinal

Answer 49

overall still controls core/proximal Mm - axial & LE mm lower degree of direct voluntary control

Question 50

the lateral vestibulospinal is mostly:

Answer 50

unilateral

Question 51

the three medial groups according to what they do:

Answer 51

1. reiculospinal - picks stuff up against gravity 2. medial vestibulospinal - upright against pull of gravity 3. lateral vesitbulopsinal - keeps you upright against gravity

Question 52

the fourth medial group is

Answer 52

medial corticospinal

Question 53

medial corticospinal projects to

Answer 53

projects to the medial motor neuron pools bilaterally

Question 54

medial corticospinal controls

Answer 54

neck shoulder trunk Mm

Question 55

why is the medial cortico-spinal group different

Answer 55

it has direct control of the voluntary movement: because it comes from the cerebral cortex

Question 56

what are the lateral group pathways?

Answer 56

1. rubrospinal | 2. lateral corticospinal

Question 57

rubrospinal:

Answer 57

minor control of distal extensor extermity of UE

Question 58

lateral corticospinal:

Answer 58

directly activates distal Mm | provides "fractinated" movement:

Question 59

what does fractinated mean

Answer 59

any Mm in any combination I want = full voluntary control

Question 60

lateral corticospinal does two things?

Answer 60

1. direct control of LMN | 2. guiding control to brainstem group

Question 61

which pathway is the MOST IMPORTANT PATHWAY FOR VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT?

Answer 61

the lateral corticospinal

Question 62

where is home for all the lateral corticospinal cell bodies?

Answer 62

home of the pre-central gyrus

Question 63

what are the percentages of the medulla?

Answer 63

90% cross | 10% stay