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Neuroscience > 27 JUNE 2019 > Flashcards

27 JUNE 2019 Flashcards

mostly all chapter 13? no theres a lot of chapter 14

1
Q

list five types of involuntary muscle movements:

A
  1. muscle cramps
  2. tremors
  3. fasciculations
  4. myoclonus
  5. fibrillations
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2
Q

what are fasciculations:

A

spontaneous oscillations of muscle fibers

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3
Q

a fasciculations can be two things:

A

benign or pathologic

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4
Q

when is there a benign fasciculation?

A

when there is no cormorbidity w/ s/s of damage

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5
Q

when is there a pathologic fasciculation?

A

when there is cormorbidity w/ s/s of damage

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6
Q

what is myoclonus?

A

the whole boyd ocntracts doesn’t know what caues it

- what happens when you’re on the verge of falling asleep

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7
Q

what are tremors?

A

involvuntary muscle contractions:

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8
Q

what are the two types of tremors?

A

resting

action

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9
Q 
resting tremors are: 
def + ie:
A

oscillating back and forth type movement of a limb

ie: parkinson’s dx

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10
Q

action termors that we are concerned about are

name + def + ie:

A

intention
its a tremor whenever you move
ie: cerebellar dysfx

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11
Q

fibrillations are

A

always pathologic

spontaneous depolarization of a 1 muscle fiber

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12
Q

how do you detect fibrillations?

A

w/ a needle = end of need goes into your fiber and will feel a tiny electrode that make it vibrate
= NEEDLE EMG

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13
Q

name the five potential sources of damage to nerves:

A
  1. trauma
    - blunt / sharp
  2. infection
  3. neurogedenerative
  4. vascular dx
  5. tumors
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14
Q

what are the two types of trauma:

A

blunt: compression of proximal end of nerve (squish it) s
sharp: cut peripheral motor neuron

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15
Q

infection def and ie:

A

infections attack cell bodies ie: polio

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16
Q

neurodegenerative ie;

A

ALS

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17
Q

vascular dx def:

A

nerves need rich supply of oxygen so this happens when they do not get enough blood

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18
Q

tumors:

A

bunt trauma

grow and press on nerve then leak gluatamate = excitotoxictiy

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19
Q

name three signs of LMN lesions:

A
  1. denervation
  2. decrease or loss of reflex
  3. paresis or paralysis
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20
Q

difference between sp nerve and peripheral nerve damage:

A

spinal nerve = weakness (paresis)

peripheral nerve = paralysis / no sensory info

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21
Q

when there is a loss of reflex that means:

A

the spinal level N is cut = decrease b/c stretch going into the spinal cord can’t come back and form a response

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22
Q

denervation means:

A

wallerian denervation: where the distal axon dies and the muscle fiber loses its axon

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23
Q

where can LMN lesions happen?

A

ventral root
peripheral root
spinal nerve
***all look differently depending

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24
Q

what neuron does LMN lesions affect?

A

a-alpha

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25
Q

name the two types of atrophy:

A

disuse

denervation

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26
Q

disuse atrophy def:

A

muscle gets smaller than normal still has bulk though

27
Q

denervation atrophy def:

A

muscle will wither away from nothing

28
Q

“flaccid paralysis” def:

A
  1. loss of muscle tone
  2. inability to contract
  3. due to injury of alpha motor neuron
29
Q

hypotonia def:

A

losses some of alpha motor neurons

30
Q

flaccidity def:

A

it if losses all muscle tone

completely resistive to passive stretch

31
Q

where does motor planning take place?

A

the basal ganglia

32
Q

what two places does UMN start?

A

the cerebral cortex and brainstem

33
Q

where does the cerebral cortex send messages to ?

A

the LMN (and the brainstem)

34
Q

where does the brainstem send messages to ?

A

the spinal cord

35
Q

the cerebral cortex is made of what and called what?

A

grey UMN hemisphere

cortical origin

36
Q

the brainstem is called

A

subcortical orgin

37
Q

what has greater voluntary control?

A

the cerebral cortex

38
Q

what does the cortex control do?

A

DIRECTLY controls LMN and then muscles

39
Q

what doe the brain stem do?

A

provides direction for the muscle (from info from the cortex)
sends messages that go down to the spinal cord

40
Q

the medial group controls the

A

proximal muscles

41
Q

sub cortical origin:

A

supports voluntary movements

guided by medially lateral cortical pathway

42
Q

cortical origin:

A

has direct voluntary control of movement

43
Q

the lateral group controls the

A

distal muscles

44
Q

where does the reticulospinal (medial group) start

A

starts in the brainstem in the reticular formation

45
Q

where does the reticulospinal project:

A

broadly out to the upper and lower extremities

46
Q

what does the reticulospinal produce?

A

gross limb movement
lower degree of direct voluntary control
of postuarl muscles

47
Q

the medial vestibulospinal projects to

A

the core axial

  • upper bakc/ postural Mm
  • head and neck
48
Q

what does the medial vesibulospinal do?

A

maintains upright against gravity

lower degree of direct voluntary control

49
Q

the lateral vestibulospinal

A

overall still controls core/proximal Mm
- axial & LE mm
lower degree of direct voluntary control

50
Q

the lateral vestibulospinal is mostly:

A

unilateral

51
Q

the three medial groups according to what they do:

A
  1. reiculospinal - picks stuff up against gravity
  2. medial vestibulospinal - upright against pull of gravity
  3. lateral vesitbulopsinal - keeps you upright against gravity
52
Q

the fourth medial group is

A

medial corticospinal

53
Q

medial corticospinal projects to

A

projects to the medial motor neuron pools bilaterally

54
Q

medial corticospinal controls

A

neck shoulder trunk Mm

55
Q

why is the medial cortico-spinal group different

A

it has direct control of the voluntary movement: because it comes from the cerebral cortex

56
Q

what are the lateral group pathways?

A
  1. rubrospinal

2. lateral corticospinal

57
Q

rubrospinal:

A

minor control of distal extensor extermity of UE

58
Q

lateral corticospinal:

A

directly activates distal Mm

provides “fractinated” movement:

59
Q

what does fractinated mean

A

any Mm in any combination I want = full voluntary control

60
Q

lateral corticospinal does two things?

A
  1. direct control of LMN

2. guiding control to brainstem group

61
Q

which pathway is the MOST IMPORTANT PATHWAY FOR VOLUNTARY MOVEMENT?

A

the lateral corticospinal

62
Q

where is home for all the lateral corticospinal cell bodies?

A

home of the pre-central gyrus

63
Q

what are the percentages of the medulla?

A

90% cross

10% stay

Neuroscience (29 decks)

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