08 JULY 2019 Flashcards by Katie Donaho

list the three things about cerebellar dysfx

problem with cerebellum itself
ataxia w/ eyes open and closed
normal sensation

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list the three things about somataosensory dysfx:

don’t get discriminative touch or propriocpetion
ataxia with eyes close only
ABnormal sensation

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sensations not felt in somatosensory dysfx:

vibration
light touch
position

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therapeutic test for somatosenosry:

Ronberg Test

sensory kit tests

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list the three outputs of the basal ganglia:

cerebral cortex UMN : via thalamus
brainstem UMN: via the pedunculopontine nuclei
brainstem UMN via: midbrain locomotor region

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list the three structures the basal ganglia sends messages to:

thalamus
pedunculopontine
midbrain locomotor

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caudate messages are

what you want to do

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putamen messages are

what you are really doing

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globus pallidus messages are

the corrections between the two

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the cerebral cortex gets messages via the

thalamus

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the brainstem UMN gets messages via what structures:

pedunculopontine nuclei

midbrain locomotor region

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where to excitatory messages come from:

the thalamus and midbrain locomotor region

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where does dopamine come from?

substania nigra

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what does dopamine do?

the processing center for the basal ganglia

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fx of the substantia nigra?

makes dopamine which is the processing center for the basal ganglia

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global pallidus has two fx:

makes plan to move

3. sends messages to cortex

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a pathology that occurs when dopamine in basal ganglia happens?

parkinson’s

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shape of basal ganglia:

little bit forward
away from midline
egg shaped cluster of cells
with curvy tail

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three inputs of basal ganglia:

glutamate
ACh
serotonin
**all excitatory

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all the neurotransmitters that input are

excitatory

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which neurotransmitters are excitatory

inputs:
glutamate
ACH
serotonin

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neurotransmitters output:

GABA

**inhibitory

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which neurotransmitter are inhibitory?

outputs: GABA

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internal processing is done by

dopamine

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list all five loops of the basal ganglia:

1. goal directed 2. social 3. emotional 4. oculumotor 5. motor

which loops of BG are non motor fx

1. goal directed 2. social 3. emotional

which loops of BG are motor fx

4. oculomotor | 5. motor

four fx of the goal directed loop:

1. evaluating info for decisions 2. planning 3. choosing actions 4. learning

four fx of the emotional loop

1. emotions / motivation 2. reward-seeking behavior 3. make predictions 4. integrates emotion w/ facial expressions

three fx of the social behavior loop:

1. recognize social cues 2. regulars self-control 3. determines relevant form irrelevant

dsfx of the emotional loop causes

impulsiveness

everything going to the cortex goes through the

thalamus first

dopamine gets signal from the

global pallidus internus

another fx of dopamine besides OG

adjusts strength of output

two fx of the oculumotor loop:

1. decisions about "spatial attention" 2. directs eye muscles to "look at" something (procsaccade)

where does oculumotor loop go ?

motor and premotor cortex

structure of social loop

orbital frontal cortex

in order to create muscle plan you do three things:

1. wipe plate clean 2. faciliate app muscles to move 3. inhibit mm that produce unwanted movement

list the three internal processing that you need to know you don't need to know:

hyperdirect go no go

overall leson of the internal processing of BG:

excitatory goes in | inhibitory goes out

the BG regulates:

voluntary muscle activity

three fx of the motor loop?

1. regulate muscle contraction 2. regulates force of muscle 3. regulates mulit joint contraction

short hand the fx of the motor loop:

how many how much which ones

the motor loop / internal processing helps create

normal muscle synergies

the motor thalamus sends what type of messages

excitatory

the motor thalamus sends messages to the

lat. corticospinal | rubrospinal tract

the motor thalamus messages end up sending:

MNs to muscle for voluntary movements

the pedunicullopontine sends what type of messages:

inhibitory

the pedunicullopontine sends messages where?

reticulospinal tract

the pedunicullopontine messages end up sending:

MNs to [ostural girdle Mm

do the whole pedunicullopontine thing:

pedunicullopontine = inhibitory - sends to reticulospinal - for MNs of the postural / girldle Mm

do the whole motor thalamus thing:

motor thalamus = excitatory - sends to lat. corticospinal and rubrospinal - for MNs of voluntary active Mm control

midbrain locumotor sends what type of message:

excitory

midbraih locomotor sends messages to the

reticulospinal

midbrain locomotor messages end up senidng

MN for the stepping pattern generators walk

fx of all the BG tracts:

motor thalamus = voluntary movements pedunicullopontine = postural / girdle Mm midbrain locomotor = stepping pattern generators

list all the BG tracts:

motor thalamus pedunicullopontine nuclei midbrain locomotor

which BG tracts are excitatory?

motor thalamus and midbrain locomotor

which BG tracts are inhibitory?

pedunciullopontine nuclei

put all the pieces together with starting UMN - tract - to fx:

1. cerebral cortex UMN = thalamus = voluntary muscle control. 2. brainstem UMN = pedunicullopontine n = postural / girdle Mm 3. brainstem UMN = midbrain locomotor = walking generator

list three random things you need to know about BG:

1. output = tonic 2. dopamine powers internal processing 3. normal dopamine raises or lowers tonic inhibition to create movement

example of hypokinetic pathology:

parkinsons'

hyperkinetic pathology:

huntington's dx

def of the pathology in Parkinson's dx:

death of dopmaine producing cells in the substantia nigra

parkinson's disease involves what pathology:

PIGD: postural instability gait difficulties

the output in parkinson's dx leads to three things:

1. little activation of voluntary Mm movement 2. too much activation of post/ girdle movement 3. too little activation of midbrain locomotor region

Parkinson's has too much acitvation of

the postural / girdle Mm

parkinson's has too little activation of

the midbrain locomotor region and volutnary movement

the three output dx of the parkin's dx shows as these symptoms:

1. no fine motor 2. increase stiffness of the trunk/ core 3. walking pattern fails

little activation of the voluntary movement leads to

no fine motor skills / little control

too much activation of postural / girdle muscles leads to

increased stiffness of the core / trunk

little activation of the midbrain locomotor region leads to

walking pattern failing

akinesia is

too little movement

hypokinesia:

too much can't turn off movement

bradykinesia:

small / slow movement

overall PIGD causes what type of movement

small / slow movement

list the seven s/s of PIGD:

1. akinesia 2. rigidity 3. postural unsteadiness 4. resting tremor 5. freezing during movement 6. visual perpetual impairments 7. mask life facial expressions

08 JULY 2019 Flashcards

Ch. 16