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Neuroscience > 08 JULY 2019 > Flashcards

08 JULY 2019 Flashcards

Ch. 16

1
Q

list the three things about cerebellar dysfx

A
  1. problem with cerebellum itself
  2. ataxia w/ eyes open and closed
  3. normal sensation
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2
Q

list the three things about somataosensory dysfx:

A
  1. don’t get discriminative touch or propriocpetion
  2. ataxia with eyes close only
  3. ABnormal sensation
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3
Q

sensations not felt in somatosensory dysfx:

A

vibration
light touch
position

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4
Q

therapeutic test for somatosenosry:

A

Ronberg Test

sensory kit tests

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5
Q

list the three outputs of the basal ganglia:

A
  1. cerebral cortex UMN : via thalamus
  2. brainstem UMN: via the pedunculopontine nuclei
  3. brainstem UMN via: midbrain locomotor region
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6
Q

list the three structures the basal ganglia sends messages to:

A

thalamus
pedunculopontine
midbrain locomotor

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7
Q

caudate messages are

A

what you want to do

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8
Q

putamen messages are

A

what you are really doing

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9
Q

globus pallidus messages are

A

the corrections between the two

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10
Q

the cerebral cortex gets messages via the

A

thalamus

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11
Q

the brainstem UMN gets messages via what structures:

A

pedunculopontine nuclei

midbrain locomotor region

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12
Q

where to excitatory messages come from:

A

the thalamus and midbrain locomotor region

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13
Q

where does dopamine come from?

A

substania nigra

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14
Q

what does dopamine do?

A

the processing center for the basal ganglia

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15
Q

fx of the substantia nigra?

A

makes dopamine which is the processing center for the basal ganglia

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16
Q

global pallidus has two fx:

A
  1. makes plan to move

3. sends messages to cortex

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17
Q

a pathology that occurs when dopamine in basal ganglia happens?

A

parkinson’s

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18
Q

shape of basal ganglia:

A
  1. little bit forward
  2. away from midline
  3. egg shaped cluster of cells
  4. with curvy tail
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19
Q

three inputs of basal ganglia:

A

glutamate
ACh
serotonin
**all excitatory

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20
Q

all the neurotransmitters that input are

A

excitatory

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21
Q

which neurotransmitters are excitatory

A

inputs:
glutamate
ACH
serotonin

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22
Q

neurotransmitters output:

A

GABA

**inhibitory

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23
Q

which neurotransmitter are inhibitory?

A

outputs: GABA

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24
Q

internal processing is done by

A

dopamine

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25
Q

list all five loops of the basal ganglia:

A
  1. goal directed
  2. social
  3. emotional
  4. oculumotor
  5. motor
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26
Q

which loops of BG are non motor fx

A
  1. goal directed
  2. social
  3. emotional
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27
Q

which loops of BG are motor fx

A
  1. oculomotor

5. motor

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28
Q

four fx of the goal directed loop:

A
  1. evaluating info for decisions
  2. planning
  3. choosing actions
  4. learning
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29
Q

four fx of the emotional loop

A
  1. emotions / motivation
  2. reward-seeking behavior
  3. make predictions
  4. integrates emotion w/ facial expressions
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30
Q

three fx of the social behavior loop:

A
  1. recognize social cues
  2. regulars self-control
  3. determines relevant form irrelevant
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31
Q

dsfx of the emotional loop causes

A

impulsiveness

32
Q

everything going to the cortex goes through the

A

thalamus first

33
Q

dopamine gets signal from the

A

global pallidus internus

34
Q

another fx of dopamine besides OG

A

adjusts strength of output

35
Q

two fx of the oculumotor loop:

A
  1. decisions about “spatial attention”
  2. directs eye muscles to “look at” something
    (procsaccade)
36
Q

where does oculumotor loop go ?

A

motor and premotor cortex

37
Q

structure of social loop

A

orbital frontal cortex

38
Q

in order to create muscle plan you do three things:

A
  1. wipe plate clean
  2. faciliate app muscles to move
  3. inhibit mm that produce unwanted movement
39
Q

list the three internal processing that you need to know you don’t need to know:

A

hyperdirect
go
no go

40
Q

overall leson of the internal processing of BG:

A

excitatory goes in

inhibitory goes out

41
Q

the BG regulates:

A

voluntary muscle activity

42
Q

three fx of the motor loop?

A
  1. regulate muscle contraction
  2. regulates force of muscle
  3. regulates mulit joint contraction
43
Q

short hand the fx of the motor loop:

A

how many
how much
which ones

44
Q

the motor loop / internal processing helps create

A

normal muscle synergies

45
Q

the motor thalamus sends what type of messages

A

excitatory

46
Q

the motor thalamus sends messages to the

A

lat. corticospinal

rubrospinal tract

47
Q

the motor thalamus messages end up sending:

A

MNs to muscle for voluntary movements

48
Q

the pedunicullopontine sends what type of messages:

A

inhibitory

49
Q

the pedunicullopontine sends messages where?

A

reticulospinal tract

50
Q

the pedunicullopontine messages end up sending:

A

MNs to [ostural girdle Mm

51
Q

do the whole pedunicullopontine thing:

A

pedunicullopontine = inhibitory

  • sends to reticulospinal
  • for MNs of the postural / girldle Mm
52
Q

do the whole motor thalamus thing:

A

motor thalamus = excitatory

  • sends to lat. corticospinal and rubrospinal
  • for MNs of voluntary active Mm control
53
Q

midbrain locumotor sends what type of message:

A

excitory

54
Q

midbraih locomotor sends messages to the

A

reticulospinal

55
Q

midbrain locomotor messages end up senidng

A

MN for the stepping pattern generators walk

56
Q

fx of all the BG tracts:

A

motor thalamus = voluntary movements
pedunicullopontine = postural / girdle Mm
midbrain locomotor = stepping pattern generators

57
Q

list all the BG tracts:

A

motor thalamus
pedunicullopontine nuclei
midbrain locomotor

58
Q

which BG tracts are excitatory?

A

motor thalamus and midbrain locomotor

59
Q

which BG tracts are inhibitory?

A

pedunciullopontine nuclei

60
Q

put all the pieces together with starting UMN - tract - to fx:

A
  1. cerebral cortex UMN = thalamus = voluntary muscle control.
  2. brainstem UMN = pedunicullopontine n = postural / girdle Mm
  3. brainstem UMN = midbrain locomotor = walking generator
61
Q

list three random things you need to know about BG:

A
  1. output = tonic
  2. dopamine powers internal processing
  3. normal dopamine raises or lowers tonic inhibition to create movement
62
Q

example of hypokinetic pathology:

A

parkinsons’

63
Q

hyperkinetic pathology:

A

huntington’s dx

64
Q

def of the pathology in Parkinson’s dx:

A

death of dopmaine producing cells in the substantia nigra

65
Q

parkinson’s disease involves what pathology:

A

PIGD: postural instability gait difficulties

66
Q

the output in parkinson’s dx leads to three things:

A
  1. little activation of voluntary Mm movement
  2. too much activation of post/ girdle movement
  3. too little activation of midbrain locomotor region
67
Q

Parkinson’s has too much acitvation of

A

the postural / girdle Mm

68
Q

parkinson’s has too little activation of

A

the midbrain locomotor region and volutnary movement

69
Q

the three output dx of the parkin’s dx shows as these symptoms:

A
  1. no fine motor
  2. increase stiffness of the trunk/ core
  3. walking pattern fails
70
Q

little activation of the voluntary movement leads to

A

no fine motor skills / little control

71
Q

too much activation of postural / girdle muscles leads to

A

increased stiffness of the core / trunk

72
Q

little activation of the midbrain locomotor region leads to

A

walking pattern failing

73
Q

akinesia is

A

too little movement

74
Q

hypokinesia:

A

too much can’t turn off movement

75
Q

bradykinesia:

A

small / slow movement

76
Q

overall PIGD causes what type of movement

A

small / slow movement

77
Q

list the seven s/s of PIGD:

A
  1. akinesia
  2. rigidity
  3. postural unsteadiness
  4. resting tremor
  5. freezing during movement
  6. visual perpetual impairments
  7. mask life facial expressions

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