08 JULY 2019 Flashcards
Ch. 16
list the three things about cerebellar dysfx
- problem with cerebellum itself
- ataxia w/ eyes open and closed
- normal sensation
list the three things about somataosensory dysfx:
- don’t get discriminative touch or propriocpetion
- ataxia with eyes close only
- ABnormal sensation
sensations not felt in somatosensory dysfx:
vibration
light touch
position
therapeutic test for somatosenosry:
Ronberg Test
sensory kit tests
list the three outputs of the basal ganglia:
- cerebral cortex UMN : via thalamus
- brainstem UMN: via the pedunculopontine nuclei
- brainstem UMN via: midbrain locomotor region
list the three structures the basal ganglia sends messages to:
thalamus
pedunculopontine
midbrain locomotor
caudate messages are
what you want to do
putamen messages are
what you are really doing
globus pallidus messages are
the corrections between the two
the cerebral cortex gets messages via the
thalamus
the brainstem UMN gets messages via what structures:
pedunculopontine nuclei
midbrain locomotor region
where to excitatory messages come from:
the thalamus and midbrain locomotor region
where does dopamine come from?
substania nigra
what does dopamine do?
the processing center for the basal ganglia
fx of the substantia nigra?
makes dopamine which is the processing center for the basal ganglia
global pallidus has two fx:
- makes plan to move
3. sends messages to cortex
a pathology that occurs when dopamine in basal ganglia happens?
parkinson’s
shape of basal ganglia:
- little bit forward
- away from midline
- egg shaped cluster of cells
- with curvy tail
three inputs of basal ganglia:
glutamate
ACh
serotonin
**all excitatory
all the neurotransmitters that input are
excitatory
which neurotransmitters are excitatory
inputs:
glutamate
ACH
serotonin
neurotransmitters output:
GABA
**inhibitory
which neurotransmitter are inhibitory?
outputs: GABA
internal processing is done by
dopamine
list all five loops of the basal ganglia:
- goal directed
- social
- emotional
- oculumotor
- motor
which loops of BG are non motor fx
- goal directed
- social
- emotional
which loops of BG are motor fx
- oculomotor
5. motor
four fx of the goal directed loop:
- evaluating info for decisions
- planning
- choosing actions
- learning
four fx of the emotional loop
- emotions / motivation
- reward-seeking behavior
- make predictions
- integrates emotion w/ facial expressions
three fx of the social behavior loop:
- recognize social cues
- regulars self-control
- determines relevant form irrelevant
dsfx of the emotional loop causes
impulsiveness
everything going to the cortex goes through the
thalamus first
dopamine gets signal from the
global pallidus internus
another fx of dopamine besides OG
adjusts strength of output
two fx of the oculumotor loop:
- decisions about “spatial attention”
- directs eye muscles to “look at” something
(procsaccade)
where does oculumotor loop go ?
motor and premotor cortex
structure of social loop
orbital frontal cortex
in order to create muscle plan you do three things:
- wipe plate clean
- faciliate app muscles to move
- inhibit mm that produce unwanted movement
list the three internal processing that you need to know you don’t need to know:
hyperdirect
go
no go
overall leson of the internal processing of BG:
excitatory goes in
inhibitory goes out
the BG regulates:
voluntary muscle activity
three fx of the motor loop?
- regulate muscle contraction
- regulates force of muscle
- regulates mulit joint contraction
short hand the fx of the motor loop:
how many
how much
which ones
the motor loop / internal processing helps create
normal muscle synergies
the motor thalamus sends what type of messages
excitatory
the motor thalamus sends messages to the
lat. corticospinal
rubrospinal tract
the motor thalamus messages end up sending:
MNs to muscle for voluntary movements
the pedunicullopontine sends what type of messages:
inhibitory
the pedunicullopontine sends messages where?
reticulospinal tract
the pedunicullopontine messages end up sending:
MNs to [ostural girdle Mm
do the whole pedunicullopontine thing:
pedunicullopontine = inhibitory
- sends to reticulospinal
- for MNs of the postural / girldle Mm
do the whole motor thalamus thing:
motor thalamus = excitatory
- sends to lat. corticospinal and rubrospinal
- for MNs of voluntary active Mm control
midbrain locumotor sends what type of message:
excitory
midbraih locomotor sends messages to the
reticulospinal
midbrain locomotor messages end up senidng
MN for the stepping pattern generators walk
fx of all the BG tracts:
motor thalamus = voluntary movements
pedunicullopontine = postural / girdle Mm
midbrain locomotor = stepping pattern generators
list all the BG tracts:
motor thalamus
pedunicullopontine nuclei
midbrain locomotor
which BG tracts are excitatory?
motor thalamus and midbrain locomotor
which BG tracts are inhibitory?
pedunciullopontine nuclei
put all the pieces together with starting UMN - tract - to fx:
- cerebral cortex UMN = thalamus = voluntary muscle control.
- brainstem UMN = pedunicullopontine n = postural / girdle Mm
- brainstem UMN = midbrain locomotor = walking generator
list three random things you need to know about BG:
- output = tonic
- dopamine powers internal processing
- normal dopamine raises or lowers tonic inhibition to create movement
example of hypokinetic pathology:
parkinsons’
hyperkinetic pathology:
huntington’s dx
def of the pathology in Parkinson’s dx:
death of dopmaine producing cells in the substantia nigra
parkinson’s disease involves what pathology:
PIGD: postural instability gait difficulties
the output in parkinson’s dx leads to three things:
- little activation of voluntary Mm movement
- too much activation of post/ girdle movement
- too little activation of midbrain locomotor region
Parkinson’s has too much acitvation of
the postural / girdle Mm
parkinson’s has too little activation of
the midbrain locomotor region and volutnary movement
the three output dx of the parkin’s dx shows as these symptoms:
- no fine motor
- increase stiffness of the trunk/ core
- walking pattern fails
little activation of the voluntary movement leads to
no fine motor skills / little control
too much activation of postural / girdle muscles leads to
increased stiffness of the core / trunk
little activation of the midbrain locomotor region leads to
walking pattern failing
akinesia is
too little movement
hypokinesia:
too much can’t turn off movement
bradykinesia:
small / slow movement
overall PIGD causes what type of movement
small / slow movement
list the seven s/s of PIGD:
- akinesia
- rigidity
- postural unsteadiness
- resting tremor
- freezing during movement
- visual perpetual impairments
- mask life facial expressions
