18 JULY : EXAM 4 Flashcards by Katie Donaho

list in order the level of consciousness:

coma 
vegetative 
minimally conscious state 
stupor / obtunded 
delirum 
(add syncope)

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syncope is

fainting

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delirium is

more about cognition than consciousness

more fully awake but not processing correctly (loopy)

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stupor / obtuned:

level of interaction diminished
ie: us in class:
fade sleepy

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minimally conscious state:

min interaction with the environment

has a sleep-wake cycle

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vegetative:

has sleep-wake cycle

no interaction

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coma:

no sleep-wake

no interaction with the environment

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a brainstem tumor means you have

an increase in intracranial pressure

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list 3 major signs and symptoms of brainstem tumors:

nausea
vomiting
headache

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why do we get vomiting from a brainstem tumor:

so some nerves become active when they “fall asleep” ischemic - whatever is happening to our bodies we don’t like so your body tries to get rid of it: induce vomiting

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your visual field do three things for you?

sight
eye movement
postural and limb movement

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sight has two things involved in it

recognition and location of objects

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4 cranial nerves go into sight what are they

optic
oculomotor
abducens
trochlear

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the two retina in the eye are:

nasal and temporal

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the nasal bone is near the

nose bone so on the inside

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the temporal bone is near the

temporal bone so on the outside

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the retina is determined by:

what bones they are at

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the nasal retina picks up the

temporal visual field

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the temporal visual field picks up the

nasal visual field

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what does the optic nerve do for sight

turns APs of light into visual acuity

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oculomotor does two things

parasympathetic control of sight

moves the eye around

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the lenses of the eye is a

inverted phrism

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fx of the retina ganglia cells:

convert APs from light goes form retina to the occipital lobe

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six parts of the eye X

optic nerve 
optic chiasm 
optic tract 
geniculate nucleus 
pretectal area 
visual cortex

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chiasm does what

the sight of the "crossing"

all the information of the visual field does what

cross overs to the other side for processing

sight information goes where?

cerebral cortex

sight goes where so has to pass through where?

the cerebral cortex | passes through the thalamus (lat geniculate nucleus)

where does sight end?

the cerebral cortex of the occipital lobe

there are two streams:

dorsal and ventral

the goal of crossing over

get all of the axons for the opposite visual field is on one side of the body

fx of the superior colliculus

turns head towards the sight

the two streams come from where?

the primary and secondary visual cortex

the dorsal stream fx is

use what I see to create a visual plan to move

the ventral stream fx is

for perception | gives name and meaning to what you see

dorsal stream ends in the

motor planning area

ventral stream ends in the

inf. temporal lobe

blindness in one eye affects

the optic nerve

bitemporal hemianospia affects the

nasal retina dx

homoymous hemianopsia affects the

optic tract

quadrantanopsia affects the

optic radiations

when you are blind in one eye a major deficit is

loss in depth perception

ie of bilateral hemianospia:

tunnel vision

ie of hommonymous hemianopsia

unilateral neglect

ie of quadrantanopsia:

pie on the floor

processing of visual information involves what structures

retina --> thalamus--> visual cortex - action - visual identification of object

if you were to dx your optic nerve you would get

unilateral blindness

if you were to dx your optic tract you would get

homonymous hemianposia

if you were to dx your nasal retina you would get

bitemporal hemianposia

if you were to dx your optic radiations you would get

quadrantanopsia

if you were blind you could still see

light / dark differences "shapes"

tectum fx

orient head

pretectal areas include

the pupillary reflexes | - when you shine light eyes automatically respond w/ decrease in pupil

pupillary light reflex df

when you shine to light your eyes automatically respond with decreased pupil size

what structures affect the pupillary light reflex?

the pretectal areas

parasympathetic effect on eyes

constriction of the pupils | increase the curvature of the lens

three things in the accommodation reflex:

pupils constrict eyes convergence lens more convex mr potato head theory

the extraocular muscles are controlled by

CN, III, IV, VI

medial longitudinal fascicules fx:

connects CH, II, IV, VI together on both sides of the brainstem - a wiring bundle + inner ear

the nickname for the medial longitudinal fascicules are:

a wiring bundle + inner ear

diplopia is

double vision

in misalignment there are two phases:

acute and chronic

in the acute misalignment phase, you get

diplopia

diplopia in the acute misalignment phase does what?

double vision which initially reduces visual acuity?

in the chronic misalignment phase, you get

suppressed vision from 1 eye :

suppressed vision in one eye causes what

loss of depth perception

why is there an increase in curvature for the parasympathetic

the parasympathetic lens bends to keep objects in focus | - makes bigger w/ constriction

what are the two parts of the pupillary light reflex:

direct - eye you shine light in | consenual - 'along with' eye w/o light