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Neuroscience > 26 JUNE > Flashcards

26 JUNE Flashcards

mostly ch. 13 some ch. 12 i think

1
Q

a crossbridge is

A

where a myosin attaches to an actin head

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2
Q

what are four things that increase resistance to stretch

A
  1. titin
  2. active contraction
  3. weak actin myosin bonds
  4. proprioceptive information
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3
Q

why does titin increase resistance to stretch

A

tittin is the rubber band around a sacromere

titin runs out of stretch - rubber band just won’t go any more

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4
Q

titin can lead to what pathology

A

contractures

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5
Q

how does active contraction increase resistance to stretch

A

the muscle is already stretched so if you stretch an already stretched muscle there is not that much more stretch

because of the amount of sacromeres able to bond and pull apart

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6
Q

active contraction can led to what pathology

A

involuntary contractures

- parkinsons’ has involuntary contraction of coremessages form damage of brain singals

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7
Q

how do weak actin and myosin bonds increase resistance to stretch

A

action and myosin are like Velcro attaching to loops

- weak bonds = the Velcro just doesn’t attach

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8
Q

what is a therapeutic approach to weak actin and myosin bonds:

A

movement

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9
Q

what is a pathology from weak actin and myosin bonds?

A

immobility

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10
Q

how does proprioceptive information

A

there is a quick spindle stretch from the muscle spindle that can increase signals to contract
- causes a depolarizing of muscles

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11
Q

what pathology comes from propriceptive info?

A

depolarizing muscles

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12
Q

what therapeutic approaches come from propriceptive info?

A

habitually shorten muscles that = a decrease in sacromere

- QUICK STRETCH

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13
Q

muscles repond to what ?

A

position

stretch

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14
Q

the number of sacromeres responds to

A

the length of the muscle

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15
Q

correlation between sacromeres / length of muscle

A

postive:
increase length = increase sacromeres
decrease length = decrease sacromere

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16
Q

why do sacromere remodel according to length?

A

body wants to produce the best contraction dependent on the muscle position

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17
Q

if you maintain stretch the body

A

adds sacromeres

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18
Q

if you habitually shorten muscle the body

A

decreases sacromeres

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19
Q

therapeutic response to habitually shorten muscles

A

= maintained stretch
= splints
= serial casting

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20
Q

core / proximal muscles are found

A

medial in the ventral horn

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21
Q

distal muscles are found

A

lateral in the ventral horn

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22
Q

flexor signals are found

A

posterior in the ventral horn

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23
Q

extensor signals are found

A

anterior in the ventral horn

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24
Q

static cocontraction means

A

that the muscles are opposing in equal opposite directions:

- locks joint in place

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25
Q

dynamic cocontraction means that

A

the muscles are playing off each other in order to stabilize but also mobilize a joint

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26
Q

alpha-game coactiviation

A

when alpha MN and gamma MN activate at the same time
so the alpha contracts the muscle
but its keep sensitive w/ gamma

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27
Q

a motor pool is

A

where all the cells of one muscle gather

28
Q

correlatation between a spinal level and a muscle

A

every spinal level contributes to more than 1 muscle

every muscle get input from more than 1 spinal level

29
Q

there are three neurons which are which?

A

2 efferent

1 afferent

30
Q

a motor unit is

A

one neuorn and all the muscle fibers it innervates

31
Q

of the three neurons break down what they are

A 
2 efferent = 
1. alpha 
2. gamma 
1 afferent = 
3. cell body in dorsal root 
- pseudounipolar neuron
32
Q

four characteristics of a slow twitch motor unit:

A

oxidative metabolism
not alot of tension = longer duration / less force
fatigue resistant
smaller diameter a-alpha

33
Q

four characteristics of fast twitch motor unit:

A

glycolysis metabolism
HIGH amounts of tension = strong response
not as fatigue resistant = quick response
larger diameter a alpha

34
Q

color of fast / slow twitch

A 
slow = red 
fast = white
35
Q

gross motor units have

A

ALOT of muscle fibers per axon

36
Q

fine motor units have

A

tiny bit of muscle fibers per axon

37
Q

ie of gross motor unit

A

gastroci

2000 muscle fibers per axon

38
Q

ie of fine motor unit

A

hand mm

3 muscle fibers per axon

39
Q

hennemans’ size principle

A
  1. states that slow muscle units will be recruited first
  2. then if you need more power
  3. recruit fast twitch

UNLESS it is necessary for it to be reversed - like when you fight a bear - conscious movement

40
Q

why is the hennemans size principle a thing:

A

because you can depolarize a slow twitch muscle faster

41
Q

how does the brain recruit motor units?

A

NOT AT THE SAME TIME

- will CYCLE through motor units

42
Q

pathology with motor unit

A

brain doesn’t have enough motor units so can’t cycle though = INCREASE FATIGUE

43
Q

what does convergence of information mean?

A

that there are multiple messages form the brain and the sensory receptor that convene on ONE alpha motor neuron

44
Q

therapeutic response to convergence of information

A

deep tendon pressure: inhibits messages to relax sensory input says relax

add sensory to interrupt the convening messages to make contraction stop

45
Q

reciprocal inhibition:

A

when agonist is facilitated

antagonist is inhibited

46
Q

how do you mobilize a joint:

A

facilitate agonist- shorten

inhibit antagonist - lengthen

47
Q

how do you stabilize a joint

A

STOP co activation

48
Q

muscle synergies normal:

A

working together in voluntary control in any pattern with fx use

49
Q

muscle synergies abnormal:

A

muscle working together in limited voluntary control w/ limited patterns

50
Q

what two ways does reciprocal inhibition start?

A
  1. active (from brain)

2. reflex (quick stretch)

51
Q

stepping pattern generators means

A

that when we start walking we don’t need further input our bodies just continue to walk

52
Q

a body schema is

A

a internal body map

53
Q

two parts of a reflex:

A

stimulus

response

54
Q

where does the hand off between sensory and motor take place?

A

the spinal cord

55
Q

list the steps of basic muscle movement:

A 
sensory organ stimulated 
afferent pathway 
hand off - connection in spinal cord 
efferent pathway 
efferent stimulus to muscle
56
Q

phasic means

A

momentary or prolonged stimulus that produces a momentary or prolonged response

57
Q

phasic starts with what/

A

the stretch of a muscle spindle Ia fiber

58
Q

spindle makes direct connection to what?

A

the alpha motor neuron

59
Q

steps of phasic contraction:

A
  1. muscle spindle stimulated: Ia fiber
  2. tendon deforms - muscle gets stretched apart = more signals
  3. hand off in spinal cord
  4. spindle makes direction connection w/ alpha motor neuron
  5. contraction of muscle activation of alpha
60
Q

faciliatated means that

A

MN was brought closer to an AP

61
Q

activation means that

A

an AP was achieved

62
Q

withdrawal reflex are from

A

cutaneous receptors which activate

a -delta

63
Q

a -delta sends out

A

sharp pain

64
Q

withdrawal reflex tells you what?

A

get sharp pain from a -delta

and tell you to get away from stimulus so withdrawals from stimulus

65
Q

muscles cramps could come from

A

overworked

  • repetitive over contraction
  • inability for brain to catch up to cycle motor units properly

Neuroscience (29 decks)

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