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Neuroscience > 09 JULY 2019 > Flashcards

09 JULY 2019 Flashcards

ch. 17 basically

1
Q

list the seven s/s of basal ganglia disorders:

A
  1. akinesia
  2. rigidity
  3. postural imbalance
  4. freezing
  5. mask-like facial expression
  6. visuoperceptual impairment
  7. resting tremor
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2
Q

difference between cerebellar tremor and BG tremor:

A

cerebellar tremor = acting tremor so whenever you move you have oscillations

BG tremor = resting tremor

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3
Q

what is the difference reason of a cerebellar tremor?

A

when the cerebellum is dyfxal you can’t coordinate movement

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4
Q

why do you have mask-like facial expressions w/ BG dysfx

A

because impariment of the CN 7: facial N

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5
Q

hyperkinetic means that

A

there is in an increase output from the cortical spinal

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6
Q

a hyperkinetic disorder is

A

huntington’s disease

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7
Q

a hypokinetic disorder is

A

parkinson’s disease

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8
Q

def of huntington’s dx

A

degeneration of cerebral cortex & stratium = BG

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9
Q

what happens to the thalamus w/ huntington’s dx:

A

too much input so too much voluntary movement

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10
Q

what happens to the PPN w/ huntington’s dx:

A

decrease input for the postural girdle muscle

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11
Q

huntingtons vs parkinson’s

A

exact opposite
except huntington’s we dont’ know about the midbrain
soooooo:
parkinsons’
decrease thalamus input: decrease voluntary movement
increase PPN: so increase postural girdle movements
decrease mid brain: so stop walking pattern generator

huntington’s
increase thalamus so increase voluntary movements
decrease PPN: so decrease postural girls movements
midbrain idk

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12
Q

motor thalamus tract go:

A 
motor thalamus 
- 
motor cortex 
- 
corticospinal tract 
-
Mms of involuntary movement
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13
Q

the motor thalamus is

A

excitatory

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14
Q

the PPN is

A

inhibitory

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15
Q

the midbrain is

A

excitatory

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16
Q

name the two excitatory structures:

A

motor thalams

midbrain locomotor

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17
Q

name the inhibitory structures:

A

PPN

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18
Q

how do we thereapeutically stop the freezing of gait?

A

we think of something else

  • do not think of walking
  • think of dancing or stepping over lazer beam
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19
Q

feedforward def:

A

I anticipate lost of blaance adn prepare motor movement to stop
= self incitated movement
= system of fx

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20
Q

feedback def:

A

recoverying after something has knocked you off balance

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21
Q

name the three sensory influences:

A
  1. vision
  2. vestibular
  3. somatosensation
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22
Q

two things vision does:

A

sees the horizon

and movement

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23
Q

two things the vestibular does

A

head movement

pull of gravity

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24
Q

two things somatosensation does:

A

supports surface

body position

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25
Q

voluntary effort generates

A

APs

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26
Q

APs in the muscle will release what NT?

A

ACH

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27
Q

the nueormuscular junction is what type of facilitory system?

A

excitatory only = gas pedal theory

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28
Q

name three types of sensory levels

A

normal
abnormal
decreased

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29
Q

leaky ACh theory:

A

a - alpha Mn will leak ACh when we aren’t contracting

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30
Q

the peripheral nervous systems def:

A

all neural structures distal to the spinal cord

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31
Q

cranial nerves are technically:

A

PNS

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32
Q

CNS def

A

all structures enclosed by bone

so in spinal cord / brainstem

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33
Q

principle of sp cord and peripheral n

A

1 peripheral nerve gets input form many sp. cords

1 sp cords branches out to many different peripheral N

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34
Q

a peripheral n injury will cause

A

peripheral N patttern damage:

paralyzes that 1 section

35
Q

a sp. cord n injury will cause:

A

a dermatomal pattern:

paraesis in multiple sections

36
Q

all peripheral N have three things:

A
  1. sensory
  2. motor
  3. automnomic
37
Q

which sections only have sympathetic nerves

A

trunk
arm
legs

38
Q

the trunk , arm, and legs only have

A

sympathetic nerves

39
Q

the spinal region includes five things:

A 
nerve roots 
the dorsal root ganglia 
spinal nerves
 rami 
plexus
40
Q

there are how many rami?

A

three

41
Q

list the three rami?

A

anterior
posterior
communicating

42
Q

the anterior rami are:

A

all axons that innervate the

  • arms
  • legs
  • front of you
43
Q

the posterior rami are

A

the turtle shell: the back of you

44
Q

the communicating rami are

A

preganglionic and postganglionic synapses

45
Q

what nerves are found in the communicating rami are

A

autonomic

46
Q

where are autonomic nerves taken?

A

the synpases of the post and pre ganglionic synapses in the communicating rami

47
Q

plexus travel n

A

the anterior ramus

48
Q

three things about plexus?

A
  1. travel through anterior rami
  2. are a network so go between the sp. nerve and peripheral
  3. the ends are named for the peripheral nerve
49
Q

how are plexus named?

A

by the end peripheral nerve

50
Q

location of sp. cord to peripheral Nn

A

the peripheral Nn are distal

the spinal cord Nn are proximal

51
Q

the anterior rami inputs

A

ALL the plexuses

52
Q

soo the posterior rami travel though

A

NOT a plexus

53
Q

two types of nerve roots?

A

ventral

dorsal

54
Q

antergrade is

A

going down to release NT

55
Q

retrograde is

A

coming back up with empty ski lift

56
Q

peripheral N def:

A

a bundle of axons:

  • sensory
  • motor
  • autonomic
57
Q

the peripheral N is wrapped in

A

3 layers of CT

58
Q

list 3 layers of CT and what they wrap:

A
  1. endoneurium: individual axon
  2. perineurium: bundles of axon
  3. epienurium: bundles of fascicles:
59
Q

fascicles def:

A

a bundle of axons

60
Q

endoneurium:

A

an individual axon

61
Q

perineurium:

A

a bundle of axons: a fascicle

62
Q

epineurium

A

a bundle of fascicles

a bundle of bundles which is the def of peripheral N

63
Q

why is blood flow important

A

arterial branches following nerve

because if you cut off blood supply then the nerves can’t get O2 and CA and it would be bad

64
Q

a myelinated Schwann cells are

A

wrapped multiple times: like a cinnamon roll

65
Q

an unmyelinated Schwann cell is

A

wrapped once

66
Q

schwann cells are in th

A

PNS

67
Q

list the order of neurons based on the biggest diameter:

A 
a - alpha 
Ia, Ib, II 
a -beta 
a -gamma 
a- delta 
B 
C
C
68
Q

a-alpha is

A

efferent: innervates the extrafusal muscle

69
Q

Ia, Ib, II :

A

afferent detects proprioception

70
Q

a-beta:

A

afferent cutaneous sensation:

71
Q

a -gamma

A

efferent: keeps muscle sensitive

72
Q

a -delta

A

afferent: pain temperature

73
Q

B fiber:

A

efferent - presynaptic autonomic

74
Q

C fiber normal:

A

afferent: pain temperature

75
Q

C fiber other one

A

efferent - postsynapatic autonomic

76
Q

cervical plexuses is

A

C1-C4

77
Q

brachial plexuses is

A

C5 - T1

78
Q

lumbar plexus is

A

L1-L4

79
Q

sacral plexus is

A

L4-S4

80
Q

which plexus is the only containing PNS axons

A

Sacral: L4-S5

81
Q

what is special about sacral plexus?

A

it is the only one containing PNS axons

82
Q

The special thing about PNS in peripheral nervus

A

innervates the perineum

83
Q

list the five essential things movement does for nerve health:

A
  1. improves blood flow
  2. facilitates gliding of fascicles and nerves
  3. facilitates axoplasmic transport
  4. “wrinkling” of axons within endoneurium
  5. lack of movement leads of physical stress on neural membrane

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