09 JULY 2019 Flashcards

ch. 17 basically

1
Q

list the seven s/s of basal ganglia disorders:

A
  1. akinesia
  2. rigidity
  3. postural imbalance
  4. freezing
  5. mask-like facial expression
  6. visuoperceptual impairment
  7. resting tremor
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2
Q

difference between cerebellar tremor and BG tremor:

A

cerebellar tremor = acting tremor so whenever you move you have oscillations

BG tremor = resting tremor

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3
Q

what is the difference reason of a cerebellar tremor?

A

when the cerebellum is dyfxal you can’t coordinate movement

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4
Q

why do you have mask-like facial expressions w/ BG dysfx

A

because impariment of the CN 7: facial N

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5
Q

hyperkinetic means that

A

there is in an increase output from the cortical spinal

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6
Q

a hyperkinetic disorder is

A

huntington’s disease

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7
Q

a hypokinetic disorder is

A

parkinson’s disease

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8
Q

def of huntington’s dx

A

degeneration of cerebral cortex & stratium = BG

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9
Q

what happens to the thalamus w/ huntington’s dx:

A

too much input so too much voluntary movement

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10
Q

what happens to the PPN w/ huntington’s dx:

A

decrease input for the postural girdle muscle

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11
Q

huntingtons vs parkinson’s

A

exact opposite
except huntington’s we dont’ know about the midbrain
soooooo:
parkinsons’
decrease thalamus input: decrease voluntary movement
increase PPN: so increase postural girdle movements
decrease mid brain: so stop walking pattern generator

huntington’s
increase thalamus so increase voluntary movements
decrease PPN: so decrease postural girls movements
midbrain idk

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12
Q

motor thalamus tract go:

A
motor thalamus 
- 
motor cortex 
- 
corticospinal tract 
-
Mms of involuntary movement
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13
Q

the motor thalamus is

A

excitatory

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14
Q

the PPN is

A

inhibitory

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15
Q

the midbrain is

A

excitatory

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16
Q

name the two excitatory structures:

A

motor thalams

midbrain locomotor

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17
Q

name the inhibitory structures:

A

PPN

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18
Q

how do we thereapeutically stop the freezing of gait?

A

we think of something else

  • do not think of walking
  • think of dancing or stepping over lazer beam
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19
Q

feedforward def:

A

I anticipate lost of blaance adn prepare motor movement to stop
= self incitated movement
= system of fx

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20
Q

feedback def:

A

recoverying after something has knocked you off balance

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21
Q

name the three sensory influences:

A
  1. vision
  2. vestibular
  3. somatosensation
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22
Q

two things vision does:

A

sees the horizon

and movement

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23
Q

two things the vestibular does

A

head movement

pull of gravity

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24
Q

two things somatosensation does:

A

supports surface

body position

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25
voluntary effort generates
APs
26
APs in the muscle will release what NT?
ACH
27
the nueormuscular junction is what type of facilitory system?
excitatory only = gas pedal theory
28
name three types of sensory levels
normal abnormal decreased
29
leaky ACh theory:
a - alpha Mn will leak ACh when we aren't contracting
30
the peripheral nervous systems def:
all neural structures distal to the spinal cord
31
cranial nerves are technically:
PNS
32
CNS def
all structures enclosed by bone | so in spinal cord / brainstem
33
principle of sp cord and peripheral n
1 peripheral nerve gets input form many sp. cords | 1 sp cords branches out to many different peripheral N
34
a peripheral n injury will cause
peripheral N patttern damage: | paralyzes that 1 section
35
a sp. cord n injury will cause:
a dermatomal pattern: | paraesis in multiple sections
36
all peripheral N have three things:
1. sensory 2. motor 3. automnomic
37
which sections only have sympathetic nerves
trunk arm legs
38
the trunk , arm, and legs only have
sympathetic nerves
39
the spinal region includes five things:
``` nerve roots the dorsal root ganglia spinal nerves rami plexus ```
40
there are how many rami?
three
41
list the three rami?
anterior posterior communicating
42
the anterior rami are:
all axons that innervate the - arms - legs - front of you
43
the posterior rami are
the turtle shell: the back of you
44
the communicating rami are
preganglionic and postganglionic synapses
45
what nerves are found in the communicating rami are
autonomic
46
where are autonomic nerves taken?
the synpases of the post and pre ganglionic synapses in the communicating rami
47
plexus travel n
the anterior ramus
48
three things about plexus?
1. travel through anterior rami 2. are a network so go between the sp. nerve and peripheral 3. the ends are named for the peripheral nerve
49
how are plexus named?
by the end peripheral nerve
50
location of sp. cord to peripheral Nn
the peripheral Nn are distal | the spinal cord Nn are proximal
51
the anterior rami inputs
ALL the plexuses
52
soo the posterior rami travel though
NOT a plexus
53
two types of nerve roots?
ventral | dorsal
54
antergrade is
going down to release NT
55
retrograde is
coming back up with empty ski lift
56
peripheral N def:
a bundle of axons: - sensory - motor - autonomic
57
the peripheral N is wrapped in
3 layers of CT
58
list 3 layers of CT and what they wrap:
1. endoneurium: individual axon 2. perineurium: bundles of axon 3. epienurium: bundles of fascicles:
59
fascicles def:
a bundle of axons
60
endoneurium:
an individual axon
61
perineurium:
a bundle of axons: a fascicle
62
epineurium
a bundle of fascicles | a bundle of bundles which is the def of peripheral N
63
why is blood flow important
arterial branches following nerve because if you cut off blood supply then the nerves can't get O2 and CA and it would be bad
64
a myelinated Schwann cells are
wrapped multiple times: like a cinnamon roll
65
an unmyelinated Schwann cell is
wrapped once
66
schwann cells are in th
PNS
67
list the order of neurons based on the biggest diameter:
``` a - alpha Ia, Ib, II a -beta a -gamma a- delta B C C ```
68
a-alpha is
efferent: innervates the extrafusal muscle
69
Ia, Ib, II :
afferent detects proprioception
70
a-beta:
afferent cutaneous sensation:
71
a -gamma
efferent: keeps muscle sensitive
72
a -delta
afferent: pain temperature
73
B fiber:
efferent - presynaptic autonomic
74
C fiber normal:
afferent: pain temperature
75
C fiber other one
efferent - postsynapatic autonomic
76
cervical plexuses is
C1-C4
77
brachial plexuses is
C5 - T1
78
lumbar plexus is
L1-L4
79
sacral plexus is
L4-S4
80
which plexus is the only containing PNS axons
Sacral: L4-S5
81
what is special about sacral plexus?
it is the only one containing PNS axons
82
The special thing about PNS in peripheral nervus
innervates the perineum
83
list the five essential things movement does for nerve health:
1. improves blood flow 2. facilitates gliding of fascicles and nerves 3. facilitates axoplasmic transport 4. "wrinkling" of axons within endoneurium 5. lack of movement leads of physical stress on neural membrane