09 JULY 2019 Flashcards
ch. 17 basically
list the seven s/s of basal ganglia disorders:
- akinesia
- rigidity
- postural imbalance
- freezing
- mask-like facial expression
- visuoperceptual impairment
- resting tremor
difference between cerebellar tremor and BG tremor:
cerebellar tremor = acting tremor so whenever you move you have oscillations
BG tremor = resting tremor
what is the difference reason of a cerebellar tremor?
when the cerebellum is dyfxal you can’t coordinate movement
why do you have mask-like facial expressions w/ BG dysfx
because impariment of the CN 7: facial N
hyperkinetic means that
there is in an increase output from the cortical spinal
a hyperkinetic disorder is
huntington’s disease
a hypokinetic disorder is
parkinson’s disease
def of huntington’s dx
degeneration of cerebral cortex & stratium = BG
what happens to the thalamus w/ huntington’s dx:
too much input so too much voluntary movement
what happens to the PPN w/ huntington’s dx:
decrease input for the postural girdle muscle
huntingtons vs parkinson’s
exact opposite
except huntington’s we dont’ know about the midbrain
soooooo:
parkinsons’
decrease thalamus input: decrease voluntary movement
increase PPN: so increase postural girdle movements
decrease mid brain: so stop walking pattern generator
huntington’s
increase thalamus so increase voluntary movements
decrease PPN: so decrease postural girls movements
midbrain idk
motor thalamus tract go:
motor thalamus - motor cortex - corticospinal tract - Mms of involuntary movement
the motor thalamus is
excitatory
the PPN is
inhibitory
the midbrain is
excitatory
name the two excitatory structures:
motor thalams
midbrain locomotor
name the inhibitory structures:
PPN
how do we thereapeutically stop the freezing of gait?
we think of something else
- do not think of walking
- think of dancing or stepping over lazer beam
feedforward def:
I anticipate lost of blaance adn prepare motor movement to stop
= self incitated movement
= system of fx
feedback def:
recoverying after something has knocked you off balance
name the three sensory influences:
- vision
- vestibular
- somatosensation
two things vision does:
sees the horizon
and movement
two things the vestibular does
head movement
pull of gravity
two things somatosensation does:
supports surface
body position
voluntary effort generates
APs
APs in the muscle will release what NT?
ACH
the nueormuscular junction is what type of facilitory system?
excitatory only = gas pedal theory
name three types of sensory levels
normal
abnormal
decreased
leaky ACh theory:
a - alpha Mn will leak ACh when we aren’t contracting
the peripheral nervous systems def:
all neural structures distal to the spinal cord
cranial nerves are technically:
PNS
CNS def
all structures enclosed by bone
so in spinal cord / brainstem
principle of sp cord and peripheral n
1 peripheral nerve gets input form many sp. cords
1 sp cords branches out to many different peripheral N
a peripheral n injury will cause
peripheral N patttern damage:
paralyzes that 1 section
a sp. cord n injury will cause:
a dermatomal pattern:
paraesis in multiple sections
all peripheral N have three things:
- sensory
- motor
- automnomic
which sections only have sympathetic nerves
trunk
arm
legs
the trunk , arm, and legs only have
sympathetic nerves
the spinal region includes five things:
nerve roots the dorsal root ganglia spinal nerves rami plexus
there are how many rami?
three
list the three rami?
anterior
posterior
communicating
the anterior rami are:
all axons that innervate the
- arms
- legs
- front of you
the posterior rami are
the turtle shell: the back of you
the communicating rami are
preganglionic and postganglionic synapses
what nerves are found in the communicating rami are
autonomic
where are autonomic nerves taken?
the synpases of the post and pre ganglionic synapses in the communicating rami
plexus travel n
the anterior ramus
three things about plexus?
- travel through anterior rami
- are a network so go between the sp. nerve and peripheral
- the ends are named for the peripheral nerve
how are plexus named?
by the end peripheral nerve
location of sp. cord to peripheral Nn
the peripheral Nn are distal
the spinal cord Nn are proximal
the anterior rami inputs
ALL the plexuses
soo the posterior rami travel though
NOT a plexus
two types of nerve roots?
ventral
dorsal
antergrade is
going down to release NT
retrograde is
coming back up with empty ski lift
peripheral N def:
a bundle of axons:
- sensory
- motor
- autonomic
the peripheral N is wrapped in
3 layers of CT
list 3 layers of CT and what they wrap:
- endoneurium: individual axon
- perineurium: bundles of axon
- epienurium: bundles of fascicles:
fascicles def:
a bundle of axons
endoneurium:
an individual axon
perineurium:
a bundle of axons: a fascicle
epineurium
a bundle of fascicles
a bundle of bundles which is the def of peripheral N
why is blood flow important
arterial branches following nerve
because if you cut off blood supply then the nerves can’t get O2 and CA and it would be bad
a myelinated Schwann cells are
wrapped multiple times: like a cinnamon roll
an unmyelinated Schwann cell is
wrapped once
schwann cells are in th
PNS
list the order of neurons based on the biggest diameter:
a - alpha Ia, Ib, II a -beta a -gamma a- delta B C C
a-alpha is
efferent: innervates the extrafusal muscle
Ia, Ib, II :
afferent detects proprioception
a-beta:
afferent cutaneous sensation:
a -gamma
efferent: keeps muscle sensitive
a -delta
afferent: pain temperature
B fiber:
efferent - presynaptic autonomic
C fiber normal:
afferent: pain temperature
C fiber other one
efferent - postsynapatic autonomic
cervical plexuses is
C1-C4
brachial plexuses is
C5 - T1
lumbar plexus is
L1-L4
sacral plexus is
L4-S4
which plexus is the only containing PNS axons
Sacral: L4-S5
what is special about sacral plexus?
it is the only one containing PNS axons
The special thing about PNS in peripheral nervus
innervates the perineum
list the five essential things movement does for nerve health:
- improves blood flow
- facilitates gliding of fascicles and nerves
- facilitates axoplasmic transport
- “wrinkling” of axons within endoneurium
- lack of movement leads of physical stress on neural membrane
