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Neuroscience > 11 JUNE 2019 > Flashcards

11 JUNE 2019 Flashcards

1
Q

what are two important things astrocytes release?

A

CA2+ and glutamate

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2
Q

when astrocytes release CA why is that important?

A

CA helps remodel the cell

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3
Q

when astrocytes release glutamate why is that important?

A

for action potentials

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4
Q

LTD stands for

A

long term depression

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5
Q

what does LTD

A

turns DOWN the signal (like down regulating)

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6
Q

how does LTD happen

A

we take membrane receptors out of the membrane - inhibit a signal and make it harder to make an AP because neurotrans can’t bind to anything

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7
Q

def of LTP short:

A

silent synapses to active synapses

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8
Q

def of LTD short:

A

active synapses to silent synapses

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9
Q

what happens when a cell dies?

A

glutamate is released (leaks out of cell - squished cell) and flows to other cells, but too much can make it toxic and kill other cells (like a poison released from first dead cell)

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10
Q

how does glutamate kill a cell though?

A

glutamate open NMDA channels which releases to much CA - instead of promoting LTP too much CA comes in and kills the cells

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11
Q

there are four types of excitotoxicity what are they? aka what four ways can CA KILL a cell?

A
  1. glycolysis
  2. protease
  3. protein enzymes
  4. solute
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12
Q

why is glycolysis bad

A

glycolysis can lead to a lactic acid which lowers pH which then kills cell

glycolysis > lactic acid > low pH

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13
Q

how can protease be bad for a cell?

A

protease is an enzyme that eats other proteins, eats away its own cell membrane

protease > degrades cell proteins

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14
Q

how can protein enzymes be bad for a cell?

A

protein enzymes will turn on inappropriately, create oxygen free radicals which are always poison

protein enzymes > oxygen free radicals

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15
Q

how is solute bad for the cell?

A

CA bring in water with it, causing the cell to swell up and then pop

solute > swell up

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16
Q

what 3 things happen when a axon gets injured:

A
  1. distal end will degenerate
  2. myelin shealth will degenerate
  3. muscle will atrophy
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17
Q

wallerian degeneration def:

A

the distal degeneration of axon and myelin distal to the point of injury

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18
Q

is all lost for the proximal axon when it gets injured?

A

NO proximal end has potential to REGROW

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19
Q

what is collateral sprouting:

A

when an axon dies a second axon sprouts (grow another trunk) to supply thatinnervation

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20
Q

what is regenerative sprouting:

A

an axon can simply regenerate/regrow itself all the way back out

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21
Q

what is the rate of neuron regrowth

A

an inch a month

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22
Q

what is the first response after injury?

A

the recovery of synaptic effectiveness

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23
Q

how does recovery of synaptic effectiveness start:

A

it relieves pressure from swelling - reduces swelling off of axon

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24
Q

what is the second modaluation after an axon injury:

A

denervation hypersensitivity:

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25
Q

what are the steps of denervation hypersensitivity:

A
  1. a neuron dies cutting off connection to 2nd neuron
  2. 2nd neuron externalizes soo many extra receptors trying to pick up input from missing cell
  3. that makes it SUPER sensitive since external environmental stimulus can over load it now
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26
Q

what are the three mechanisms after axon injury:

A
  1. recovery of synaptic effectiveness
  2. denervation hypersensitivity
  3. synaptic hypereffectiveness
  4. unmasking of silent synapses
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27
Q

what does 4. unmasking of silent synapses do?

A

uses LTP to wake up silent synapses so that more APs can be made

28
Q

real quick what are the steps of LTP

A 
increase glutamate 
to increase CA 
to bring AMPA receptors to the membrane 
AMPA takes in more neurotransmitters = 
more APs
29
Q

what does the precentral gyrus do?

A

voluntary motor control

30
Q

what is the take home message of the monkey experiment?

A

PRACTICE
PRACTICE
PRACTICE

31
Q

what are two interventions that can be supported from monkey experiment?

A

body weight support treadmill training

CIMT

32
Q

what are four things to know about reorganization of the cerebral cortex:

A
  1. practice practice practice
  2. activities should be fx
  3. fx activities should start early
  4. but not too early
33
Q

when is the pre-embryonic stage?

A

conception to 2 weeks

34
Q

when is the fetal stage:

A

after 8 weeks till the rest of the time

35
Q

what plate is dorsal?

A

the association plate

36
Q

what does the association plate hold?

A

cells of the sensory systems but NOT the peripheral sensory system

37
Q

where is the peripheral sensory system held?

A

the dorsal root ganglion

38
Q

what is the ventral plate?

A

the motor plate

39
Q

what does the motor plate hold?

A

the peripheral motor systems / cells

40
Q

what are the three layers in a somite?

A

sclerotome
myotome
dermatome

41
Q

what do sclerotomes hold?

A

bone hardening stuff

42
Q

what do myotomes hold?

A

cells of the muscle system

43
Q

what do dermatomes hold?

A

cells for the skin

44
Q

columns are

A

white matter

45
Q

horns are

A

grey matter

46
Q

what is the grey inner layer called?

A

the mantle layer

47
Q

what does the mantles layer hold?

A

cell bodies of neurons :grey motor : multipolor neurons

48
Q

what is the outer whiter layer called?

A

marginal layer

49
Q

what doe the marginal layer hold?

A

cells of the myelin shealth so poligodendrites/ schwann cels

50
Q

what is the marginal layers job?

A

to protect cells because it holds myelin shealth

51
Q

what are the top and bottom closed holes of the neural tube called ?

A

the superior and inferior neuropores

52
Q

what do the neuropores do?

A

they close up the neural tube at the top and bottom of the spinal cord

53
Q

what happens to the head in the fetal stage?

A

it SWELLS - also has it cells migrate down to form the spinal cord and swells outward but the head get BIG

54
Q

what is a good anology of the developing spinal cord of the fetus aka BABY :

A

A CANNOLI SILLY!!

55
Q

what are the three layers of the neural tube?

A
  1. ectoderm
  2. mesoderm
  3. endoderm
56
Q

what does the mesoderm become?

A

the mesoderms swells up into 31 pairs of balloons and holds the somite with its three layers

57
Q

what does the ectoderm hold?

A

sensory organ info, sensory receptors of cells of nervous systems

58
Q

what is the purples part of the neural tube diagram?

A

the nervous system

59
Q

what days does the neural tube form?

A

18-26

60
Q

what does the mesoderm hold?

A

dermis, muscles, skeleton circulatory system

61
Q

what does the endoderm hold?

A

gut, liver, pancreas, respiratory systems

62
Q

what do the light purple cells turn into?

A

since they migrate to the back
they turn into motor cells
which are multi polar

63
Q

what do the dark purple cells turn into?

A

somatosenosry cells = sensory

= pseudounipolar

64
Q

what part of the diagram is the neural crest:

A

the dark purple

65
Q

what is dark purple part?

A

the neural crest = which turns into two clusters

66
Q

what is the light purple part?

A

the nervous system

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