11 JUNE 2019

Question 1

what are two important things astrocytes release?

Answer 1

CA2+ and glutamate

Question 2

when astrocytes release CA why is that important?

Answer 2

CA helps remodel the cell

Question 3

when astrocytes release glutamate why is that important?

Answer 3

for action potentials

Question 4

LTD stands for

Answer 4

long term depression

Question 5

what does LTD

Answer 5

turns DOWN the signal (like down regulating)

Question 6

how does LTD happen

Answer 6

we take membrane receptors out of the membrane - inhibit a signal and make it harder to make an AP because neurotrans can’t bind to anything

Question 7

def of LTP short:

Answer 7

silent synapses to active synapses

Question 8

def of LTD short:

Answer 8

active synapses to silent synapses

Question 9

what happens when a cell dies?

Answer 9

glutamate is released (leaks out of cell - squished cell) and flows to other cells, but too much can make it toxic and kill other cells (like a poison released from first dead cell)

Question 10

how does glutamate kill a cell though?

Answer 10

glutamate open NMDA channels which releases to much CA - instead of promoting LTP too much CA comes in and kills the cells

Question 11

there are four types of excitotoxicity what are they? aka what four ways can CA KILL a cell?

Answer 11

1. glycolysis
2. protease
3. protein enzymes
4. solute

Question 12

why is glycolysis bad

Answer 12

glycolysis can lead to a lactic acid which lowers pH which then kills cell

glycolysis > lactic acid > low pH

Question 13

how can protease be bad for a cell?

Answer 13

protease is an enzyme that eats other proteins, eats away its own cell membrane

protease > degrades cell proteins

Question 14

how can protein enzymes be bad for a cell?

Answer 14

protein enzymes will turn on inappropriately, create oxygen free radicals which are always poison

protein enzymes > oxygen free radicals

Question 15

how is solute bad for the cell?

Answer 15

CA bring in water with it, causing the cell to swell up and then pop

solute > swell up

Question 16

what 3 things happen when a axon gets injured:

Answer 16

1. distal end will degenerate
2. myelin shealth will degenerate
3. muscle will atrophy

Question 17

wallerian degeneration def:

Answer 17

the distal degeneration of axon and myelin distal to the point of injury

Question 18

is all lost for the proximal axon when it gets injured?

Answer 18

NO proximal end has potential to REGROW

Question 19

what is collateral sprouting:

Answer 19

when an axon dies a second axon sprouts (grow another trunk) to supply thatinnervation

Question 20

what is regenerative sprouting:

Answer 20

an axon can simply regenerate/regrow itself all the way back out

Question 21

what is the rate of neuron regrowth

Answer 21

an inch a month

Question 22

what is the first response after injury?

Answer 22

the recovery of synaptic effectiveness

Question 23

how does recovery of synaptic effectiveness start:

Answer 23

it relieves pressure from swelling - reduces swelling off of axon

Question 24

what is the second modaluation after an axon injury:

Answer 24

denervation hypersensitivity:

Question 25

what are the steps of denervation hypersensitivity:

Answer 25

1. a neuron dies cutting off connection to 2nd neuron 2. 2nd neuron externalizes soo many extra receptors trying to pick up input from missing cell 3. that makes it SUPER sensitive since external environmental stimulus can over load it now

Question 26

what are the three mechanisms after axon injury:

Answer 26

1. recovery of synaptic effectiveness 2. denervation hypersensitivity 3. synaptic hypereffectiveness 4. unmasking of silent synapses

Question 27

what does 4. unmasking of silent synapses do?

Answer 27

uses LTP to wake up silent synapses so that more APs can be made

Question 28

real quick what are the steps of LTP

Answer 28

``` increase glutamate to increase CA to bring AMPA receptors to the membrane AMPA takes in more neurotransmitters = more APs ```

Question 29

what does the precentral gyrus do?

Answer 29

voluntary motor control

Question 30

what is the take home message of the monkey experiment?

Answer 30

PRACTICE PRACTICE PRACTICE

Question 31

what are two interventions that can be supported from monkey experiment?

Answer 31

body weight support treadmill training | CIMT

Question 32

what are four things to know about reorganization of the cerebral cortex:

Answer 32

1. practice practice practice 2. activities should be fx 3. fx activities should start early 4. but not too early

Question 33

when is the pre-embryonic stage?

Answer 33

conception to 2 weeks

Question 34

when is the fetal stage:

Answer 34

after 8 weeks till the rest of the time

Question 35

what plate is dorsal?

Answer 35

the association plate

Question 36

what does the association plate hold?

Answer 36

cells of the sensory systems but NOT the peripheral sensory system

Question 37

where is the peripheral sensory system held?

Answer 37

the dorsal root ganglion

Question 38

what is the ventral plate?

Answer 38

the motor plate

Question 39

what does the motor plate hold?

Answer 39

the peripheral motor systems / cells

Question 40

what are the three layers in a somite?

Answer 40

sclerotome myotome dermatome

Question 41

what do sclerotomes hold?

Answer 41

bone hardening stuff

Question 42

what do myotomes hold?

Answer 42

cells of the muscle system

Question 43

what do dermatomes hold?

Answer 43

cells for the skin

Question 44

columns are

Answer 44

white matter

Question 45

horns are

Answer 45

grey matter

Question 46

what is the grey inner layer called?

Answer 46

the mantle layer

Question 47

what does the mantles layer hold?

Answer 47

cell bodies of neurons :grey motor : multipolor neurons

Question 48

what is the outer whiter layer called?

Answer 48

marginal layer

Question 49

what doe the marginal layer hold?

Answer 49

cells of the myelin shealth so poligodendrites/ schwann cels

Question 50

what is the marginal layers job?

Answer 50

to protect cells because it holds myelin shealth

Question 51

what are the top and bottom closed holes of the neural tube called ?

Answer 51

the superior and inferior neuropores

Question 52

what do the neuropores do?

Answer 52

they close up the neural tube at the top and bottom of the spinal cord

Question 53

what happens to the head in the fetal stage?

Answer 53

it SWELLS - also has it cells migrate down to form the spinal cord and swells outward but the head get BIG

Question 54

what is a good anology of the developing spinal cord of the fetus aka BABY :

Answer 54

A CANNOLI SILLY!!

Question 55

what are the three layers of the neural tube?

Answer 55

1. ectoderm 2. mesoderm 3. endoderm

Question 56

what does the mesoderm become?

Answer 56

the mesoderms swells up into 31 pairs of balloons and holds the somite with its three layers

Question 57

what does the ectoderm hold?

Answer 57

sensory organ info, sensory receptors of cells of nervous systems

Question 58

what is the purples part of the neural tube diagram?

Answer 58

the nervous system

Question 59

what days does the neural tube form?

Answer 59

18-26

Question 60

what does the mesoderm hold?

Answer 60

dermis, muscles, skeleton circulatory system

Question 61

what does the endoderm hold?

Answer 61

gut, liver, pancreas, respiratory systems

Question 62

what do the light purple cells turn into?

Answer 62

since they migrate to the back they turn into motor cells which are multi polar

Question 63

what do the dark purple cells turn into?

Answer 63

somatosenosry cells = sensory | = pseudounipolar

Question 64

what part of the diagram is the neural crest:

Answer 64

the dark purple

Question 65

what is dark purple part?

Answer 65

the neural crest = which turns into two clusters

Question 66

what is the light purple part?

Answer 66

the nervous system