2.3

Question 1

embodied energy

Answer 1

total energy required to produce a product

Question 2

energy utilisation

Answer 2

method with which energy was used

Question 3

elements of embodied energy

Answer 3

1 materials – E on extracting them
2 transport – transport materials to factory
3 assembly
4 recurring – used to maintain parts of the product
5 recycling – used to recycle components at end of life

Question 4

reducing embodied energy

Answer 4

1 less materials
2 minimum scrap materials
3 low embodied energy materials
4 low energy construction method
5 durable materials

Question 5

national + international grid systems

Answer 5

electrical supply distribution network. international allow E generated in one country to be used in another

Question 6

energy distribution

Answer 6

method of transportation of E from source to where it’s used

Question 7

energy distribution последовательность

Answer 7

power plant generates electricity –> electricity carried long distances by transmission lines –> distribution lines carry electricity to houses –> transformers step down electricity before it enters houses –> neighbourhood transformer steps down voltage –> transformer sueps up voltage for transmission

Question 8

describe (inter)national energy grids

Answer 8

*) E is distributed over grid systems
*) grid systems involve E generation, sending it through power lines and into homes, factories etc
*) power consumption fluctuates throughout the day => producers have to make sure they meet demand

Question 9

smart grids

Answer 9

uses technology to provide a picture of current E production + consumption. use sensors to manage E distribution to make grids more stable (like dishwasher set to work in evening hours)

Question 10

local combined heat and power (CHP)

Answer 10

system that generates electricity while also capturing usable heat produced in the process
contrasts w conventional electricity generation where a lot of heat is wasted

Question 11

individual energy generation

Answer 11

ability of an individual to create small amount of E to run low energy products

Question 12

why would someone use individual energy generation

Answer 12

often used in households w goal of low carbon footprint
+ low cost for consumer + excess E can be sold off
+ possible to live “off grid”

Question 13

disadvantages of individual energy generation

Answer 13

high initial cost
may require maintenance

Question 14

quantification of carbon emissions

Answer 14

defining carbon emissions generated by particular product numerically. track your carbon footprint

Question 15

mitigation of carbon emissions

Answer 15

provide ‘sinks’ – carbon offsetting – compensating for the carbon that is produced (forests, vegetation, soils to reabsorb CO2)

Question 16

energy storage

Answer 16

method w which E is stored for later use

Question 17

battery

Answer 17

device consisting of two or more electro-chemical cells, which convert stored chemical E into electrical E

Question 18

why is it important to properly dispose batteries

Answer 18

they contain heavy metals, which if disposed improperly can cause pollution, water contamination, health problems

Question 19

capacitor

Answer 19

electronic component that temporarily stores electrical E – stores electrons and is able to release them later on

Question 20

deciding which powerhouse to incorporate:

Answer 20

*) physical space available for battery
*) whether solution is rechargeable or you’ll use a disposable battery

Question 21

types of batteries

Answer 21

1) LiPo – ideal for slim forms => portable devices
2) Li-Ion – very similar to LiPo
3) lead acid battery – high current for cars and machinery
4) NiCd – portable devices like radios, medical equipment (самая база)
5) NiMH – electrical vehicles, digital cameras

Question 22

energy density

Answer 22

amount of E stored within a given volume