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Nutrition 2 (Semester II) > 19b. Dementia & AZD > Flashcards

19b. Dementia & AZD Flashcards

1
Q

What is dementia?

A

Syndrome of cognitive impairment that affects memory recall, cognitive abilities and behaviour

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2
Q

What is the most common form of dementia?

A

AZD

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3
Q

Dementia risk factors (SPLOSHED)

A

Stress
PPIs
Lifestyle
Obesity
Social isolation
Hypertension
Environmental toxins
Diet

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4
Q

What are the four main types of dementia?

A

Frontotemporal
Vascular
Lewy body
AZD

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5
Q

What is frontotemporal dementia?

A

Atrophy of frontal and temporal lobes
Behavioural/language/movement difficulties

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6
Q

What is vascular dementia?

A

Impaired blood flow to the brain
Cognitive decline

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7
Q

Which disease is vascular dementia associated with?

A

CVD

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8
Q

What is Lewy body dementia?

A

Clumps of protein that cause alterations in thought, perceptions and movement

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9
Q

What is AZD?

A

Build up of misfolded amyloid and tau proteins
Loss of memory, language, reasoning

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10
Q

What drives amyloid production?

A

Infection
Inflammation
Oxidative stress

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11
Q

How is AZD diagnosed?

A

CT scan
MRI
PET scan

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12
Q

What are Dr Bredesen’s three categories of AZD?

A

Inflammation/hot
Atrophic/cold
Cortical/toxic

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13
Q

What is inflammation/hot AZD associated with?

A

Increased innate immune system activation
Inflammation
Pro-inflammatory microglia
Reduced sirtuin activity

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14
Q

What is atrophic/cold AZD associated with?

A

Loss of trophic support from neurotrophins e.g. BDNF

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15
Q

What is cortical/toxic AZD associated with?

A

Environmental toxins = inflammation/brain atrophy

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16
Q

What are microglia?

A

Immune cells of the brain

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17
Q

Which type of microglia is the pro-inflammatory one?

A

M1

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18
Q

Which type of microglia is the inflammatory one?

A

M2

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19
Q

What is a supportive strategy with microglia in AZD?

A

Shifting from M1 to M2

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20
Q

Which transcription factor supports the microglia shift from M1 to M2?

A

Nrf2

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21
Q

Which transcription factor promotes the M1 type of microglia?

A

NF-kB

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22
Q

Which processes/microglia drive neurodegeneration in AZD?

A

NF-kB
M1

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23
Q

Which processes/microglia are neuroprotective in AZD?

A

Nrf2
M2

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24
Q

How does dysbiosis lead to AZD?

A

Leads to pro-inflammatory communication to TLRs on brain microglia via gut-brain axis
TLRs are sensitive to damaged tissue leading to spiral of inflammation

25
Which hormone can suppress microglia-related inflammation?
Oxytocin
26
How can we produce oxytocin?
Through social interactions
27
Which bacteria is associated with AZD?
P. gingivalis
28
Where does neurogenesis occur?
Hippocampus
29
What is the role of the hippocampus?
Memory storage Mood Cognitive function
30
What happens to neurogenesis in AZD?
It's lost Reduced ability to grow new neurons
31
What process stops new neurons from surviving?
Inflammation
32
What is BDNF?
Neuroprotective protein that helps new neurons survive
33
What are BDNF levels like in AZD?
Low
34
What functions does BDNF support?
Cognitive ability Memory Neurogenesis Synapse function
35
What things can support BDNF levels? (FORCEPS)
Fresh air O3 fatty acids Reduced stress Calorie restriction Exercise Polyphenols Social enrichment Healthy gut microbiota
36
Which drug is usually prescribed for AZD?
Donepezil
37
What action does donepezil have?
Increases acetylcholine levels by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase
38
What are the main side effects of donepezil?
Nausea Incontinence
39
What is the role of acetylcholine?
Mood Memory Learning
40
What is acetylcholine made from?
Acetyl-CoA Choline
41
What things support acetylcholine production?
Diet Lifestyle BDNF
42
What benefit does acetylcholine have on the brain
Anti-inflammatory
43
Which metal is implicated in AZD?
Aluminium
44
Why is aluminium a burden to neurons?
Depletes them of ATP
45
How much aluminium is absorbed from food?
0.1%
46
How much aluminium is absorbed from water?
0.3%
47
How much aluminium is absorbed from vaccines?
100%
48
Things that can chelate aluminium
Silica-rich water Coriander Chlorella
49
Why is AZD described as T3D?
Strong association with insulin resistance, obesity and AZD
50
Why is obesity a risk factor for AZD?
Obese individuals have increased peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation Obesity over-activates the SNS, suppressing PSNS acetylcholine activity
51
What factors can support decreased neuroinflammation and decreased AZD risk?
PSNS Increased Vagus nerve activity Increased BDNF Increased acetylcholine Increased oxytocin
52
What factors can support increased neuroinflammation and increased AZD risk?
SNS Reduced Vagus nerve activity Reduced BDNF Reduced acetylcholine Reduced oxytocin
53
Dietary approach to brain health
Whole, unprocessed foods Low GI foods Healthy fats SMASH fish Free-range, organic animal produce Hydration
54
What is the MIND diet?
Hybrid between Med diet and DASH diet
55
What is the Ketoflex 12/3 diet?
12 hours between last meal of day and first meal next day 3 hours between last meal of day and bedtime
56
What is the brain benefit of the Ketoflex 12/3 diet?
Puts body into a mild state of ketosis Healing for brain and mitochondria
57
What are the benefits of coconut oil for brain health?
20g/day raises ketone levels Improved cognitive performance Rich in MCTs (easily absorbable form of saturated fatty acids)
58
What are the basics of the MEND protocol?
Wholefood, low GI diet Exercise Reduce stress Adequate sleep GI health Balance blood glucose levels Optimise AOs Support mitochondria Test for CRP/B5/B6/B12/folate Test for heavy metals

Nutrition 2 (Semester II) (55 decks)

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