16g. Fertility - Pregnancy Flashcards by Andrea Hardy

Common symptoms of pregnancy

Cramping (first trimester)
Nausea
Vomiting
Heartburn
Abdominal girth increase
Bowel movement changes
Increased urinary frequency
Ankle swelling

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What can undernutrition during pregnancy lead to?

DM
CVD

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What can excess and unbalanced food choices during pregnancy lead to?

Higher birth weight

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What foods should be avoided during pregnancy?

Pate
Soft/blue cheese
Raw eggs
Green/sprouting potatoes
Undercooked meat
Soft ice cream
Squirty fresh cream

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What health risks are increased by eating ‘do not eat’ foods during pregnancy?

Listeria
Salmonella
Parasites

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Why is it important to take on adequate levels of water during pregnancy?

Blood volume increase
Replenish amniotic fluid
Reduce morning sickness/pre-eclampsia/constipation

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Safe herbal teas to use during pregnancy

Ginger
Peppermint
Chamomile

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Examples of herbs to be avoided during pregnancy

Parsley
Rosemary
Basil
Yarrow
Black cohosh
(emmenagogue herbs)

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Which herb is safe to take for colds/flu?

Elderberry

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Which herb can be used in last month of pregnancy to encourage parturition?

Red raspberry leaf

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What can be done to reduce the risk of toxoplasmosis?

Wash fruit/veg
Avoid handling raw meat
Avoid cured meats/goat’s milk and cheese
Avoid contact with cat litter trays

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What can toxoplasmosis increase the risk of?

Miscarriage
Stillbirth

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Why should prescription drugs be avoided during pregnancy?

Reduce risk of miscarriage
Congenital defects

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Why should smoking be avoided during pregnancy?

Increases risk of premature delivery
Low birth weight
Associated with Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

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Key nutrients for pregnancy

Protein
Ca
Mg
Fe
A
D
EPA/DHA

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Why is protein key during pregnancy?

Support foetal/placental/maternal tissue growth

How much extra protein is needed per day during pregnancy?

6-10g

Why is Ca key during pregnancy?

Ossification of foetal skeleton
Teeth/neural development
Maternal bone protection

Dosage of Ca during pregnancy

1000mg/day

Why is Mg key during pregnancy?

Reduces risk of pre-eclampsia
Pre-term labour
Metabolic dysregulation

Dosage of Mg during pregnancy

360-400mg/day

Why is Fe key during pregnancy?

Increased requirements to meet growth demands of foetus and placenta
Increased material production of erythrocytes
Oxygen transport

Why is Mg key during pregnancy?

Foetal growth
Development of vision/hearing/immune/respiratory functions

Why should vit A be sourced from beta-carotene sources during pregnancy?

High dosage pre-formed vit A can lead to birth defects

Which SNP may reduce conversion of beta-carotene to pre-formed vit A?

BCO1

Dosage of vit A for pregnancy

5000iu/dasy

Why is vit D key during pregancy?

Ca homeostasis Cell differentiation Immune function

What can inadequate levels of vit D during perinatal life affect?

Bone health Brain development Increased risk of CVD/T2D Reduced muscle mass

Dosage of vit D during pregnancy

2000iu/day

Why is EPA/DHA key during pregnancy?

Neurodevelopment Healthy birth weight/BMI Lowered allergic response Reduced food allergies/IgE associated eczema/asthma risk

Why should fish oil be reduced 4 weeks before pregnancy?

Due to anti-coagulant effects

How can mum's weight lead to gut flora changes?

Excessive pre-pregnancy weight or excessive weight gain during pregnancy can lead to increased Bacteriodes/E.coli and reduced Bifidobacterium

What can mum's gut flora changes predispose the child to?

Obesity

Supplementation of which bacteria can protect against allergy development?

Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Bifidobacterium

How can optimal gut flora be encouraged apart from supplementation?

Natural childbirth Breastfeeding Avoid antibiotic use Avoidance of hyperclean environment Outdoor play

What exercise should be encouraged during the first trimester?

Brisk walking Low-impact exercise

What exercise should be encouraged during the 2nd/3rd trimester?

Yoga Gentle walking Aqua-natal classes

What exercise should be encouraged during the 2nd/3rd trimester?

Yoga Gentle walking Aqua-natal classes

What lifestyle factors, other than exercise, should be encouraged during pregnancy?

Rest/relaxation Optimal sleep Sleep management