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Nutrition 2 (Semester II) > 12e. Immune Health - Chronic Inflammation > Flashcards

12e. Immune Health - Chronic Inflammation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of inflammation?

A

Localise
Eliminate
Heal affected area

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2
Q

What does inflammation involve?

A

Vasodilation
Increased tissue permeability
Blood clotting
Fluid accumulation
Recruitment of immune cells

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3
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness
Heat
Oedema
Pain
Loss of function

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4
Q

Why do we see the signs of inflammation?

A

As a signal to protect the affected area
Rest
Repair

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5
Q

What qualities should inflammation have?

A

Targeted
Time-limited
Proportionate

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6
Q

If inflammation isn’t targeted, time-limited or proportionate, what can happen?

A

Could target self tissue - AI
Could target non-harmful antigens - allergy
Not time-limited - chronic inflammation

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7
Q

Signs and symptoms of inflammation

A

Pain
Swelling
Aches
Joint stiffness
Redness
Heat

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8
Q

Examples of conditions with an inflammatory element

A

Depression
AZD
MS

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9
Q

What GP tests can be done to test for inflammation?

A

CRP
ESR
WBC
Fibrinogen
Low vit D
Ultrasound
MRI

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10
Q

What functional tests can be done to test for inflammation?

A

hsCRP
O6:O3 ratio
SNPs - FADS1/2, IL-6, TNF-a, HLA, VDR

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11
Q

Examples of inflammatory mediators

A

Cytokines
Histamine
Kinins
NF-kB

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12
Q

Examples of cytokines that upregulate inflammation

A

TNF-a
Il-1
IL-6

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13
Q

What role has histamine in inflammation?

A

Promotes vasodilation
Promotes vascular permeability

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14
Q

What role has kinins in inflammation?

A

Increases vasodilation
Increases permeability
Sends pain signals

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15
Q

What role has NF-kB in inflammation?

A

Activates gene transcription

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16
Q

What is NF-kB activated by?

A

Cytokines
LPS
Homocysteine
Heavy metals

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17
Q

Which conditions has NF-kB dysregulation been linked to?

A

Cancer
AI
Inflammatory disorders - RA, IBD

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18
Q

What are eicosanoids?

A

Locally acting hormone-like messengers

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19
Q

What are eicosanoids made from?

A

Oxidation of O3 and 6 fats in cell membranes

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20
Q

Examples of eicosanoids

A

Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Leukotrienes
Lipoxins

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21
Q

What does prostaglandin E2 do?

A

Increases vasodilation
Increases platelet aggregation
Increases histamine
Increases kinins

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22
Q

What is prostaglandin E2 made from?

A

Arachidonic acid

23
Q

What is inflammation resolution?

A

Co-ordinated response to prevent secondary tissue damage

24
Q

What does the inflammation resolution involve?

A

Production of receptor antagonist to pro-inflammatory mediators
T-reg cells produce IL-10 and TGF-b (inhibits Th1/2 activity)
Production of less inflammatory PGE-1, PGE-2, resolvins, protectins
Increase of lipoxins that downregulates NF-kB

25
Q

What can impede inflammation resolution?

A

High inflammatory load to start off with
Inadequate inflammatory response
Inadequate resolution response
Ongoing damage
Inadequate recovery/repair

26
Q

Causes/risk factors for chronic inflammation

A

Western diet
SNPs - FADS1/2, TNF
Obesity
Chronic stress
Poor sleep quality
Excess exercise with inadequate recovery
Oxidative stress
High toxic load
Metabolic endotoxaemia
Sex hormone imbalance
Persistent/latent infection

27
Q

Why does a Western diet increase risk of chronic inflammation?

A

High refined sugar - increases free radicals
High O6:O3 ratio - increases PG2
Trans fats
PAMPs of dead bacteria in poor quality processed foods

28
Q

Why does chronic stress increase risk of chronic inflammation?

A

Increases glucocorticoid receptor resistance
Cortisol resistance can increase inflammation

29
Q

Why can poor sleep quality increase chronic inflammation?

A

Increases CRP, IL-6, TNF
(especially in women)

30
Q

Why does metabolic endotoxaemia increase the risk of chronic inflammation?

A

Raises LPS in the blood
Interacts with toll-like receptors

31
Q

Why can a sex hormone imbalance increase the risk of chronic inflammation?

A

Oestrogen is anti-inflammatory
In excess can be inflammatory
Low testosterone promotes inflammation in men

32
Q

How is chronic inflammation managed allopathically?

A

NSAIDs
Corticosteroids
DMARDS

33
Q

What action do NSAIDs have on inflammation?

A

Inhibit COX1 and 2
Reduce prostaglandin synthesis

34
Q

What are the side effects of taking NSAIDs?

A

GI bleeding
Peptic ulceration
CVD

35
Q

What action do corticosteroids have on inflammation?

A

Inhibit NF-kB
Inhibit LOX/COX

36
Q

What are the side effects of taking corticosteroids?

A

Weight gain
Diabetes
Hypertension
Osteoporosis

37
Q

What are the side effects of taking DMARDS?

A

Increased risk of infection
Throat ulcers

38
Q

What is the natural approach to chronic inflammation?

A

Address causes/risk factors
Blood glucose balancing
Gut health - high fibre, low allergen, dysbiosis
Reduce oxidative stress - high AO diet/supps
Reduce stress
Optimise immune function
Support methylation

39
Q

Which nutrients are useful for supporting chronic inflammation?

A

Turmeric
Curcumin
Ginger
Boswellia
EFAs
Vit D
Quercetin
Reishi
Probiotics

40
Q

How does turmeric support chronic inflammation?

A

Anti-inflammatory
Blocks NF-kB activation

41
Q

Dosage of turmeric to support chronic inflammation

A

500-2000mg/day

42
Q

How does curcumin support chronic inflammation?

A

AO
Anti-inflammatory
Reduces joint inflammation

43
Q

Dosage of curcumin to support chronic inflammation

A

Up to 1000mg/day

44
Q

How does ginger support chronic inflammation?

A

Anti-inflammatory
Reduces joint pain

45
Q

Dosage of ginger to support chronic inflammation

A

500-1000mg/day

46
Q

How does boswellia support chronic inflammation?

A

Inhibits LOX
Reduces pain
Improves knee joint function

47
Q

Dosage of boswellia to support chronic inflammation

A

250-500mg/day

48
Q

How does vit D support chronic inflammation

A

Improves T-reg function
Anti-inflammatory

49
Q

Dosage of vit D to support chronic inflammation

A

2000-10,000iu/day

50
Q

How does quercetin support chronic inflammation?

A

Inhibits LOX/COX

51
Q

Dosage of quercetin to support chronic inflammation

A

250-1500mg/day

52
Q

How does reishi support chronic inflammation?

A

Triterpenes are anti-inflammatory

53
Q

Dosage of reishi to support chronic inflammation

A

3-9g/day

Nutrition 2 (Semester II) (55 decks)

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