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Nutrition 2 (Semester II) > 13a. Respiratory Health - Asthma > Flashcards

13a. Respiratory Health - Asthma Flashcards

1
Q

What is asthma?

A

Chronic respiratory disorder characterised by variable airway obstruction
Hyper-responsiveness to stimulii

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2
Q

What biomechanical reasons cause narrowing of the arteries in asthma?

A

Bronchial smooth muscle spasm
Swelling of bronchial mucosa
Excess mucous secretion

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3
Q

Which group sees higher incidences of asthma?

A

Children
Boys in early childhood
Girls by adulthood

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4
Q

Signs/symptoms of asthma

A

Wheezing
Intermittent shortness of breath
Chest tightness
Dry cough

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5
Q

Which immunoglobulin is asthma mediated by?

A

IgE

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6
Q

What triggers an asthma attack?

A

Allergic response to an allergen

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7
Q

What does an allergic response in asthma lead to?

A

Release of inflammatory mediators

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8
Q

Which inflammatory mediators are released in response to an allergen?

A

Histamine
Leukotrienes
Prostaglandins

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9
Q

What do the inflammatory mediators released in response to an allergen cause?

A

Bronchospasm
(leading to asthma attack)

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10
Q

What other mechanisms cause the airways to narrow?

A

Mucus production (by goblet cells)
Increased airway tension
Hyper-responsiveness
Airway remodelling
Lipoxygenase products
Arachidonic acid metabolism imbalance

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11
Q

What is airway remodelling?

A

Enlargement of bronchial smooth muscle cells
Formation of new vessels
Interstitial collagen deposition
(all caused by chronic inflammation)

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12
Q

What are lipoxygenase products?

A

Chemical mediators more potent stimulators of bronchial constriction than histamine

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13
Q

What can lead to an increase of lipoxygenase products?

A

Arachidonic acid metabolism imbalance

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14
Q

Causes/risk factors for asthma

A

Immune tolerance
Hygiene Hypothesis
Antibiotics
Not breastfeeding
Early weaning
Obesity
Preservatives/food colourings
Vit D def
Mg def
Drugs
Female sex hormone fluctuations

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15
Q

Why is immune tolerance a risk factor for asthma?

A

Excessive Th2 encourages IgE release
Heightened Th2 during pregnancy predisposes infant to allergies

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16
Q

Why are antibiotics a risk factor for asthma?

A

Leads to gut dysbiosis which disrupts immune system
Increases development of atopic/inflammatory diseases
Heightened Th2 response via antigen stimulation of antibody pathway

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17
Q

Why does not breastfeeding increase the risk of asthma?

A

Breastfeeding is protective
Supports immune development
Optimises gut microbiome

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18
Q

What does breast milk contain that reduces the risk of asthma?

A

Microbiota
GOS
Immune factors
Macro and micronutrients
Hormones/growth factors
Colostrum

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19
Q

Through what mechanisms does breast milk more protective against asthma?

A

Gut microbiome
Epigenetics
Metabolism
Lung function
Immunity

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20
Q

Why is early weaning a risk factor for asthma?

A

Longer breastfeeding shown to result in lower risk of wheeze
Has a protective effect

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21
Q

What are the factors within obesity that are a risk factor for asthma?

A

Lung function
Diet
Microbiome changes
Systemic inflammation

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22
Q

Why does obesity affect lung function?

A

Reduced expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
Reduced functional residual capacity (FRC)

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23
Q

Why does diet causing obesity affect asthma?

A

Increase sat fat/sugar
High O6:3 ratio
Low fibre/AO

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24
Q

Why do microbiome changes from obesity affect asthma?

A

Low Bacteroides - major SCFA producer
Alterations in SCFAs increase allergic airway disease

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25
How does systemic inflammation from obesity affect asthma?
Increased cytokines released from adipose tissue contribute to airway hyper-responsiveness and remodelling
26
Which preservatives may induce asthma in children?
Benzoates Sulphur dioxide Sulphites
27
Which food colourings may trigger an asthma attack?
Azo dyes (tartrazine)
28
Which drugs can induce an asthma attack?
Aspirin NSAIDs
29
Why can raised oestrogen be a risk factor/cause of asthma?
Oestrogen favours Th2
30
What is peri menstrual asthma?
Cyclical worsening of asthma during the luteal phase and/or first few days of menstruation (related to higher oestrogen at these points)
31
How is HRT linked to asthma?
Increased risk of severe exacerbations in asthmatic women vs non-use Greater risk seen in those with previous rather than current use
32
How is asthma diagnosed?
Medical history Physical exam Lung function tests
33
What are the two types of asthma?
Extrinsic Intrinsic
34
What is extrinsic asthma?
Allergic asthma Involves an IgE mediated response
35
What are the common triggers of extrinsic asthma?
Pollen Mould Dust mites Pet dander
36
What is intrinsic asthma?
Non-allergic Bronchial reaction
37
Which gender is more susceptible to intrinsic asthma?
Females
38
What are the common triggers for intrinsic asthma?
Cold temperatures Humidity Stress Exercise Pollution Smoke
39
Examples of naturopathic investigations for asthma
Dietary/lifestyle evaluation IgG/IgE food profile IgG/IgE inhalant allergy profile Food/chemical intolerance test GI profile
40
Naturopathic approach to asthma
CNM Naturopathic Diet Eliminate/reduce common allergic foods Hydration Reduce salt Reduce stress/anxiety Increase AO Increase Se Increase vit E Quercetin Support SIgA levels Optimise digestive function
41
Which foods should be eliminated/reduced to support asthma?
Cow's milk Eggs Chocolate Rice Soy Apple Salicylates Sulphites - alcohol, dried fruit MSG Cold drinks Gas producing foods Sugar Dairy Wheat Additives/preservatives Red meat
42
Why is hydration important in supporting asthma?
Dehydration may trigger exercise induced asthma
43
Why is reducing salt intake good for supporting asthma?
Excess salt increases bronchial reactivity
44
Why are AOs important in supporting asthma?
Inhibit histamine/leukotriene release Increase epithelial lung integrity Protect lung against free radicals/oxidising agents
45
Why is Se important in supporting asthma?
Often low in asthmatics Co-factor for glutathione peroxidase
46
Why is vit E important in supporting asthma?
AO Improves lung function Optimises Th1/suppresses Th2
47
Why is quercetin beneficial in supporting asthma?
Decreases airway inflammation
48
Dosage of quercetin in supporting asthma
3g/day
49
Why is it important to boost SIgA levels when supporting asthma?
Immune tolerance Reduced food reactions
50
Nutrition to boost SIgA levels
Probiotics S. boulardii A, D Zn
51
How can digestive function be improved to support asthma?
Support HCl Optimise protein digestion Increase dietary fibre
52
Why is dietary fibre important in supporting asthma?
Improvements in lung function Anti-inflammatory Increase in SCFAs - improved immune response
53
Nutrients to support asthma
B complex C, D Mg Zn Probiotics Fish oils CoQ10 Boswellia Ginger Turmeric
54
Why is a B complex beneficial in supporting asthma?
B3 decreases histamine release B5 reduces secretion of cortisol B6 reduces frequency/severity of attacks B12 reduces inflammatory reactions
55
Why is vit C beneficial in supporting asthma?
AO Anti-histamine Impedes PG2 - reducing inflammation
56
Why is vit D beneficial in supporting asthma?
Modulates genes for asthma Inhibit eosinophils
57
Why is Mg beneficial in supporting asthma?
Reduces bronchial reactivity Relaxes bronchial airways (reduces Ca uptake)
58
Why is Zn beneficial in supporting asthma?
Improves immunity Optimises Th1/Th2 balance
59
Why are probiotics beneficial in supporting asthma?
Balance Th1/Th2 immunity
60
Why are fish oils beneficial in supporting asthma?
Anti-inflammatory Improves symptoms
61
Why is CoQ10 beneficial in supporting asthma?
AO Reduces oxidative stress
62
Dosage of CoQ10 to support asthma
150mg/day
63
Why is boswellia beneficial in supporting asthma?
Inhibits leukotriene production Improve SOB, frequency of attacks
64
Dosage of boswellia to support asthma
200-500mg/day
65
Why are ginger and turmeric beneficial in supporting asthma?
Inhibits arachidonic acid metabolism
66
Dosage of ginger to support asthma
400-800mg/day
67
Dosage of turmeric to support asthma
500-2000mg/day
68
Lifestyle recommendations to support asthma
Avoid environmental triggers Buteyko breathing Posture Essential oils
69
Which essential oil is beneficial for asthma?
Lavender (reduces airway inflammation/alleviate stress)

Nutrition 2 (Semester II) (55 decks)

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