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Nutrition 2 (Semester II) > 11d. CV Health - Hypertension > Flashcards

11d. CV Health - Hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood pressure reflect?

A

The force of circulating blood against artery walls

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2
Q

How is blood pressure expressed?

A

Systolic
Diastolic

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3
Q

What is systolic BP?

A

The pressure blood exerts on arterial walls when the heart contracts

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4
Q

What is diastolic BP?

A

Blood pressure when the heart relaxes

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5
Q

What measurement is considered as hypertension?

A

140/90 mmHg or higher

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6
Q

Signs and symptoms of hypertension

A

Fatigue
Headache
Dizziness
Visual disturbance

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7
Q

What is essential hypertension?

A

No specific underlying medical cause

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8
Q

What are the drivers of essential hypertension?

A

Vascular resistance
Obesity
Stress
Anxiety
Smoking
High salt intake

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9
Q

What is secondary hypertension?

A

Due to diseases of kidneys, adrenals, thyroid, diabetes

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10
Q

What is malignant hypertension?

A

Pressure above 180/120
Risks damaging organs

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11
Q

Causes and risk factors for hypertension

A

Genetic
Obesity
Excess alcohol
Stress
Nutritional deficiencies
High table salt
Inactivity
Smoking
Drugs
Raised uric acid

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12
Q

Why is obesity a risk factor for hypertension?

A

Activates RAAS causing vasoconstriction and water restriction

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13
Q

Why is excess alcohol a risk factor for hypertension?

A

Reduces the baroreceptor reflex (ability to respond to BP changes)
Increases sympathetic outflow
Increases HR and BP
Stimulates the endothelium to release vasoconstrictors
Activates the RAAS

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14
Q

Why is stress a risk factor for hypertension?

A

Increases SNS activity causing vasoconstriction
High cortisol increases the potent vasoconstrictor ET-1
Activates the RAAS

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15
Q

What nutritional deficiencies are risk factors for hypertension?

A

Mg (vasodilator)
K (increases urinary excretion of Na; reduces blood volume)

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16
Q

Why is inactivity a risk factor for hypertension?

A

Associated with higher HR
Increased cardiac contractility
Greater force on arteries

17
Q

Why is smoking a risk factor for hypertension?

A

Damages endothelium
Nicotine constricts blood vessels
Nicotine increases HR

18
Q

Which drugs are risk factors for hypertension?

A

NSAIDs
Corticosteroids
Decongestants
(can increase BP)

19
Q

Why is raised uric acid a risk factor for hypertension?

A

Stimulates the RAGE pathway
Increasing NF-kB
Disrupts eNOS activity - lowers NO
Exacerbates endothelial insulin resistance

20
Q

Natural approach to hypertension

A

Increase K/Na ratio >3:1
Lower uric acid levels
DASH diet
ACE inhibitory peptides
Optimise sleep
Optimise weight
Stress management

21
Q

Why is K important in supporting hypertension?

A

Increases natriuresis
Encourages vasodilation
Reduces sensitivity to angiotensin II
Lowers SNS activity
Lowers NADPH oxidase

22
Q

How much should salt be restricted to in hypertension?

A

1.5g/day

23
Q

What does the DASH diet consist of?

A

Fresh fruit/veg
Legumes
Nuts
Seeds
Wholegrains
Fish
Lean meat
Low fat dairy
Restricted Na

24
Q

What do ACE inhibitory peptides do?

A

Encourage ACE to react with the peptides
Reduces vasoconstriction via angiotensin II

25
Q

Food sources of ACE inhibitory peptides

A

Spirulina
Mushrooms
Spinach
Hemp seeds
Walnuts

26
Q

Why should sleep be optimised to support hypertension?

A

Melatonin is associated with anti-hypertensive effects through GABA stimulation
Angiotensin II
Increases NO

27
Q

Why is stress management important in supporting hypertension?

A

Diaphragmatic breathing - shown to decrease systolic and diastolic BP, HR and anxiety
Promotes sense of relaxation
Earthing - walking barefoot on grass or sand
Improves HR variability, lowers night-time cortisol and promotes a parasympathetic state

28
Q

Nutrients to support hypertension

A

C, D
Mg
L-arginine
B6
CoQ10
Hawthorn

29
Q

Why is vit D important in supporting hypertension?

A

Deficiency leads to overexpression renin, activating RAAS
Increases vasoconstriction and retention of Na and water
Reduced proinflammatory cytokines
Increases NO
Increases endothelial function
Reduces hsCRP

30
Q

Why is Mg important in supporting hypertension?

A

Effects cardiac and vascular tone and reactivity

31
Q

Why is L-arginine important in supporting hypertension?

A

Substrate for vascular NO synthesis
Inhibits ACE activity

32
Q

Dosage of L-arginine in supporting hypertension

A

1000-2000mg/day x3

33
Q

Why is B6 important in supporting hypertension?

A

Deficiency is associated with hypertension
Increases cysteine synthesis, glutathione
Blocks Ca channels
Reduces SNS tone

34
Q

Herbs to support hypertension

A

Hawthorn
Yarrow
Lime flower
Dandelion leaf

35
Q

Actions of hawthorn in supporting hypertension

A

Cardiotonic
Hypotensive

36
Q

Actions of yarrow in supporting hypertension

A

Diuretic
Hypotensive

37
Q

Actions of lime flower in supporting hypertension

A

Nervine relaxant
Diuretic
Anti-hyperlipidaemic

38
Q

Actions of dandelion leaf in supporting hypertension

A

Diuretic
Rich in K
(3-4 fresh leaves/day)

Nutrition 2 (Semester II) (55 decks)

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