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Nutrition 2 (Semester II) > 11a. CV Health - General > Flashcards

11a. CV Health - General Flashcards

1
Q

What is CVD?

A

General term for conditions affecting the heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

What is the endothelium?

A

Single layer of endothelial cells lining the blood interface throughout the CVS

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3
Q

What is the glycocalyx?

A

Carb-rich protective layer covering the ED
Regulates permeability
Controls NO production
Mechanosensor of blood shear stress

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4
Q

What can damage the glycocalyx?

A

Inflammation
Hyperglycaemia
Endotoxaemia
Oxidised low density proteins
Abnormal blood sheer stress

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5
Q

What can further damage to the glycocalyx do?

A

Further damage to the endothelium
Promotes lipid deposition
Atherosclerosis

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6
Q

What are the functions of the endothelium (ASHIER)?

A

Angiogenesis
Semi-permeable barrier
Haemostasis
Immune defence
Enzymes
Regulates vascular tone

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7
Q

What is the function of the endothelium in angiogenesis?

A

Endothelium cells are the origin of all new blood vessels

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8
Q

What is the function of the endothelium as a semi-permeable barrier?

A

Fluid balance
Host defence
Selective movement of substances e.g. glucose, O2

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9
Q

What is the function of the endothelium in haemostasis?

A

Luminal surface of endothelium prevents platelet adherence and coagulation

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10
Q

What is the function of the endothelium in immune defence?

A

Healthy endothelium cells deflect leukocyte adhesion and oppose local inflammation

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11
Q

What is the function of the endothelium in enzymes?

A

Endothelium contains angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
Plays a key role in regulating blood pressure

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12
Q

What is the function of the endothelium in regulating vascular tone?

A

Secretes vasodilators (e.g. NO) and vasoconstrictors (e.g. endothelin)

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13
Q

What are vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs)?

A

Play a key role in vessel contraction and dilation
(regulate blood circulation and pressure)
Maintain the integrity and elasticity of blood vessels
Limits immune cell filtration

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14
Q

Where are VSMCs located?

A

Tunica media

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15
Q

What happens to VSMCs under pathological conditions?

A

They undergo phenotypic modulation where the cell structure and function is altered
(central to atherosclerosis/hypertension)

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16
Q

What is the role of NO in CV health (RRRIO)?

A

Regulates vascular tone
Reduces platelet aggregation
Reduces VSMC proliferation
Inhibits leukocyte adhesion and inflammatory cytokines
Opposes oxidation from LDLs

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17
Q

Which amino acid generates NO?

A

L-arginine

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18
Q

Which enzyme generates NO from L-arginine?

A

eNOS

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19
Q

Which vitamin regulates NO synthesis by mediating eNOS?

A

D

20
Q

How does NO exert its physiological effects?

A

Diffuses from endothelium into VSMCs and bloodstream of large vessels

21
Q

What does reduced NO contribute to?

A

Atheroma formation
CVD

22
Q

How do normal endothelial cells work?

A

Impermeable to large molecules
Anti-inflammatory
Deflects leukocyte adhesion
Enhance vasodilation
Resist thrombosis

23
Q

How do endothelial cells impacted by OS and inflammation work?

A

Increased permeability
Inflammatory cytokine and leukocyte adhesion
Reduced vasodilator molecules
Increased risk of thrombosis

24
Q

How do normal VSMCs work?

A

Normal contractile function maintaining extracellular matrix
Contained within the tunica media

25
Q

How do VSMCs impacted by OS and inflammation work?

A

Increased inflammatory cytokines and extracellular matrix synthesis
Migration into the tunica intima
Proliferation of VSMCs

26
Q

What are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs)?

A

Nuclear transcription factors that control gene expression involved in adipogenesis, lipid and glucose metabolism and cellular proliferation/apoptosis
Decrease inflammation and promote endothelium health

27
Q

What physiological changes occur when PPAR-a is activated?

A

Increased HDL-C
Reduced triglycerides
Reduced inflammation
Anti-atherosclerotic

28
Q

Which nutrients/herbs work with PPAR-a?

A

Green tea
Resveratrol
Oregano
Thyme
Rosemary
Naringenin
O3

29
Q

What is the role of PPAR-y?

A

Reduced blood glucose
Reduced fatty acids
Reduced insulin

30
Q

Which nutrients/herbs work with PPAR-y?

A

Hesperidin
EGCG
Resveratrol
Curcumin

31
Q

Examples of CV markers on tests

A

Cardiac risk tools
Cardiac troponin
Lipid profile
Lp-PLA2
hsCRP
MPO

32
Q

What are cardiac risk tools?

A

e.g. QRISK
Calculate score based on CV risks - age, BMI, smoking

33
Q

What are cardiac troponin markers on a test?

A

Cardiac troponin proteins hs-cTnT and hs-cTnI are released into blood when heart muscle is damaged
Often used alongside ECG

34
Q

What are lipid profiles on a test?

A

TC
Non-HDL
TG
LDL-C
TC:HDL ratio

35
Q

What are the normal levels for lipid profiles on a test?

A

TC - <5 mmol/L
Non-HDL - <4 mmol/L
LDL-C - <3 mmol/L
HDL - >1 mmol/L (m); >1.2 mmol/L (f)

36
Q

What lipid levels on a test pose a higher risk for CVD?

A

TG - >2.3 mmol/L
TC:HDL ratio - >6 mmol/L

37
Q

What is Lp-PLA2?

A

Enzyme produced by monocytes, macrophages, T cells
Upregulated in atherosclerotic plaques and vascular inflammation

38
Q

What is hsCRP?

A

Inhibits NO and eNOS
Involved in plaque deposition

39
Q

What is low risk hsCRP on a test?

A

<1.0 mg/L

40
Q

What is high risk hsCRP on a test?

A

> 3.0 mg/L

41
Q

What diet and lifestyle factors elevate both Lp-PLA2 and hsCRP?

A

Western diet
Sedentary lifestyle
Periodontal disease

42
Q

What is MPO on a cardiac test?

A

Released by macrophages
Measures body’s response to damaged arterial walls

43
Q

What is high MPO associated with?

A

Inflammation
OS
Poor prognosis

44
Q

What are MPO levels exacerbated by?

A

High BP
Obesity
Smoking

45
Q

What is LDL-P on a cardiac marker test?

A

Number of particles
Correlates with atherosclerosis
Closely associated with obesity, diabetes and IR

Nutrition 2 (Semester II) (55 decks)

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