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Nutrition 2 (Semester II) > 17f. MSK - Osteoporosis > Flashcards

17f. MSK - Osteoporosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Low bone mass
Deterioration of bone tissue

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2
Q

Signs and symptoms of osteoporosis

A

Asymptomatic until fracture occurs

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3
Q

Common fracture locations in osteoporosis

A

Vertebrae
Hip
Distal radius

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4
Q

What is bone remodelling?

A

Bone resorption and bone formation

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5
Q

What do osteoclasts do in bone remodelling?

A

Dissolve minerals and protein in bone

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6
Q

What do osteoblasts do in bone remodelling?

A

Create a protein matrix of collagen
Remineralisation of bone

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7
Q

What substances can affect the bone remodelling process?

A

PTH
Oestrogen
Vit D
Corticosteroids

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8
Q

What is osteoporosis the result of?

A

Not enough osteoblast bone formation to compensate for osteoclast bone resorption

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9
Q

Causes and risk factors for osteoporosis

A

Increasing age
Female/post-menopause
Low body weight
Dairy products
High red meat
Nutrient deficiencies
Carbonated beverages
Caffeine
Alcohol
Smoking
Inactivity
Hypochlorhydria
Inflammation
Drugs
Gut dysbiosis
Other diseases

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10
Q

Why is increasing age a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A

Bone mass peaks at 25 years

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11
Q

Why is being post-menopausal a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A

Oestrogen deficient
Oestrogen inhibits OC formation

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12
Q

Why is low body weight a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A

Reduced mechanical stress from weight load
Lower aromatisation of androgens to oestrogens

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13
Q

Why is high red meat a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A

Acid-forming
(due to high methionine content)

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14
Q

Why are carbonated beverages a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A

High acid load due to phosphoric acid

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15
Q

Why are alcohol and caffeine risk factors for osteoporosis?

A

Decrease intestinal Ca absorption

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16
Q

Deficiencies in which vitamins are risk factors for osteoporosis?

A

D
Ca
Mg

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17
Q

Why is Ca needed for bone?

A

Bone architecture

18
Q

Why is smoking a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A

Upregulates MMP which break down collage
Nicotine binds to osteoblasts promoting cell death

19
Q

Why is inactivity a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A

Mechanical forces stimulate osteoblasts

20
Q

Why is hypochlorhydria a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A

HCl is needed to ionise Ca to be absorbed by the gut

21
Q

Why is inflammaiton a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A

High hsCRP levels are associated with bone mineral density
Inflammatory cytokines promote osteoclast activity

22
Q

Why are drugs a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A

Corticosteroids promote osteoclast activity

23
Q

Why is gut dysbiosis a risk factor for osteoporosis?

A

Intestinal bacteria needed for K2 synthesis
SCFAs regulate the differentiation of osteoclasts and inhibit bone resorption
Some microbes promote mineral absorption

24
Q

Examples of other diseases that are a risk factor for osteoporosis

A

Cushing’s (high cortisol)
Coeliac (malabsorption)

25
Q

Examples of conventional treatment for osteoporosis

A

Bisphosphonates
Ca carbonate
HRT

26
Q

Dietary approach to osteoporosis

A

Avoid/limit dairy products, carbonated drinks, coffee, alcohol, red meat
Include anti-inflammatory foods, green leafy veg, phytoestrogens
Adequate protein
Address risk factors - smoking, HCl production, optimise body weight, support gut microbiome

27
Q

Why is protein needed to support osteoporosis?

A

Collagen production

28
Q

Why should a high protein diet be avoided?

A

Increases urinary excretion of Ca
Promotes acidosis which the body buffers with Ca
(takes from bones)

29
Q

Nutrients to support osteoporosis

A

Ca
D
K2
Mg
Boron
Zn
Mn

30
Q

Why is Ca needed for osteoporosis?

A

Bone mineral architecture

31
Q

Dosage of Ca to support osteoporosis

A

500mg/day

32
Q

Why is vit D needed for osteoporosis?

A

Facilitates Ca absorption

33
Q

Why is vit K2 needed for osteoporosis?

A

Production of osteocalcin which draws Ca into bone tissue

34
Q

Dosage of K2 to support osteoporosis

A

50-100mcg/day

35
Q

Why is Mg needed for osteoporosis?

A

Bone mineralisation

36
Q

Why is boron needed for osteoporosis?

A

Reduces urinary excretion of Ca/Mg

37
Q

Why is Zn needed for osteoporosis?

A

Inhibits osteoclast activity
Synthesis of metalloenzymes for bone matrix production

38
Q

Why is Mn needed for osteoporosis?

A

Assists bone Ca deposition

39
Q

Herbs to support osteoporosis

A

Horsetail
Nettle

40
Q

Why is horsetail good for osteoporosis?

A

Rich in silica
Good for bone mineralisation

41
Q

Examples of exercise to support osteoporosis

A

Weight bearing 3x week
Walking
Weight training
Stair climbing
Dancing
Yoga
Pilates

Nutrition 2 (Semester II) (55 decks)

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