16a. Fertility - Female Fertility Flashcards
What is the definition of infertility?
Lack of pregnancy after one year of unprotected sex
What are the factors involved in successful conception?
Release of healthy oocyte
Sperm with adequate motility
Adequate transport of sperm and egg to fallopian tubes for fertilisation
Penetration of sperm into oocyte
Implantation of embryo into uterus lining
Normal development of embryo into foetus
Structural abnormalities in females that can affect fertility
Cervical stenosis
Uterine septum
Polyps/fibroids
Fallopian tube obstruction
Ovarian cysts
What is cervical stenosis?
Narrow/closed cervix
What is uterine septum?
Poor environment for embryo to implant due to poor vascular supply of blood and nutrients
Why might the fallopian tubes be obstructed?
Pelvic inflammation
STDs
Endometriosis
Ectopic pregnancy
What hormonal issues can affect female fertility?
PCOS
Hyper/hypothyroidism
Amenorrhoea
Obesity/IR
Premature ovarian insufficiency
What issues in PCOS can affect fertility?
Elevated androgens
Anovulation
Irregular cycles
Reduced uterine lining development
Implantation issues
What issues in hyper/hypothyroidism can affect fertility?
Irregular cycles
Ovulatory disorders
Miscarriage
Pre-term birth
Pre-eclampsia
How can amenorrhoea occur?
Hypothalamic dysfunction
Pituitary tumours
Excess exercise
Undereating
Low BMI
High stress
How can obesity/IR affect female fertility?
Lack of ovulation
Increased androgen levels
What is premature ovarian failure?
Loss of ovarian function due to chemotherapy/radiation
Genetics
SLE
What is the hormone highest in the first half of the menstrual cycle?
Oestrogen
What is the function of oestrogen in the first half of the menstrual cycle?
Creates proliferative endothelium
Important for ovulation
What is the hormone highest in the second half of the menstrual cycle?
Progesterone
What is the function of progesterone in the second half of the menstrual cycle?
Maintains secondary endothelium
Implantation/survival of embryo
Where are oestrogen and progesterone produced?
Ovaries
Adrenals
Placenta